Método de análise da variabilidade espaço-temporal da precipitação: aplicação na bacia hidrográfica do rio Pajeú-Pernambuco, Brasil

Este artigo aborda uma metodologia de análise da variabilidade espaçotemporal da precipitação como ferramenta para subsidiar o planejamento de ações que venham a mitigar os impactos negativos e reduzir os conflitos pelo uso da água na bacia hidrográfica do rio Pajeú, localizada na porção semiárida do estado de Pernambuco. Foram utilizados dados diários de precipitação de 11 postos pluviométricos, no período de 1964 a 2016, fornecidos pela Agência Pernambucana de Águas e Clima (APAC) e pela Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA). Para esta análise, utilizou-se o software RClimDex para calcular os índices de extremos climáticos provenientes de precipitação pluviométrica, visando monitorar e detectar as mudanças do clima e a alteração do padrão pluviométrico da região. Os resultados indicaram modificação no padrão pluviométrico na bacia do Pajeú, e todos os índices climáticos calculados convergem para o aumento da escassez hídrica na região, contribuindo para as recorrentes secas que abalam a região.This paper addresses a methodology for analyzing spatio-temporal rainfall variability as a tool to support action planning that could mitigate negative impacts and reduce conflicts over water use in the Pajeú river basin, located in the semi-arid region of the state of Pernambuco. We used daily rainfall data from 11 rainfall stations, between 1964 and 2016, provided by the Pernambuco Water and Climate Agency (Agência Pernambucana de Águas e Clima — APAC) and the National Water Agency (Agência Nacional de Águas — ANA). This analysis employed the RClimDex software to calculate rainfallrelated climate extremes indices, aiming at monitoring and detecting climate changes and alterations in the regional rainfall pattern. The results indicated a change in the rainfall pattern in the Pajeú river basin, and all climate indices obtained converge toward the increase in water scarcity in the area, contributing to the recurrent droughts that impact the region

Influence of rainfall on wind power generation in Northeast Brazil

Wind power has been emerging as one of the main renewable energy sources in Northeast Brazil, which concentrates 87% of the country’s installed wind capacity, especially in recent years, due to water scarcity and its seasonal energy complementarity to hydraulic generation. The objective of this article is to present a method to evaluate the influence of rainfall on the behavior of wind power generation, considering rainfall anomaly index and extreme climatic indices of precipitation. We utilized daily rainfall data from cities located near wind farms CE1 and CE2 in the state of Ceará - Aracati, in the 1974-2016 period, and Trairi, in the 1976-2016 period —, as well as daily wind power generation data for the same period, provided by the Electric System National Operator (ONS). The RClimdex software was used to calculate 11 indices of climatic extremes dependent on rainfall. The capacity factor for wind power generation was calculated for the period from 2011 to 2016 for the CE1 and CE2 wind farms. The application of this method found an inversely proportional relation between rainfall anomaly index (RAI) and the wind power capacity factor, with a decrease in total rainfall and a greater number of consecutive dry days and concentrated rain in the short term. From 2012 to 2016, the rainfall anomaly index was negative. However, wind power factors were higher than in 2011. The developed methodology can be applied to other wind farms, contributing to the medium and long term energy planning of the National Interconnected System.A energia eólica vem despontando como uma das principais fontes renováveis de energia no Nordeste do Brasil, que concentra 87% da capacidade eólica instalada no país, especialmente nos últimos anos, devido à escassez hídrica e à sua complementariedade energética sazonal à geração hidráulica. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar um método para avaliar a influência da precipitação no comportamento da geração de energia eólica. Foram utilizados dados diários de precipitação pluviométrica de cidades localizadas perto das usinas eólicas CE1 e CE2 no estado do Ceará — Aracati, no período 1974-2016, e Trairi, no período 1976-2016 —, bem como dados diários de geração eólica do mesmo período, fornecidos pelo Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico (ONS). Utilizou-se o software RClimdex para calcular 11 índices de extremos climáticos dependentes da precipitação pluviométrica. Com isso, determinou-se o fator de capacidade de geração de energia eólica para o período de 2011 a 2016 nas estações eólicas CE1 e CE2. A aplicação desse método constatou a existência de uma relação inversamente proporcional entre o Índice de Anomalia de Chuva (IAC) e o fator de capacidade da geração de energia eólica, com predominância de tendência de diminuição da precipitação total, com maior número de dias secos consecutivos e chuvas concentradas em curto período de tempo, embora os fatores eólicos tenham sido superiores a 2011. A metodologia desenvolvida pode ser aplicada a outros parques eólicos, contribuindo para o planejamento energético de médio e longo prazo do Sistema Interligado Nacional

INFLUÊNCIA DOS OCEANOS PACÍFICO E ATLÂNTICO TROPICAIS SOBRE OS ÍNDICES CLIMÁTICOS DA PRECIPITAÇÃO NA BACIA DO SUBMÉDIO SÃO FRANCISCO

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as correlações dos índices de extremos climáticos, dependentes da precipitação pluviométrica, com as anomalias da Temperatura da Superfície do Mar (TSM) nos oceanos Pacífico e Atlântico, para a região do Submédio da bacia hidrográfica do rio São Francisco, visando verificar a influência destes oceanos na variabilidade climática da bacia. Para realização deste trabalho foram utilizados dados diários de precipitação pluviométrica de 36 postos pluviométricos no período de 1964 a 2016, fornecidos pela Agência Pernambucana de Águas e Clima (APAC), Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET) e Agência Nacional das Águas (ANA). Foram também utilizados dados de anomalias de Temperatura da Superfície do Mar (TSM) do Oceano Pacífico Equatorial nas regiões de Niño 1+2, Niño 3, Niño 3.4 e Niño 4, e Índices dos oceanos Atlântico Norte (TNAI) e Atlântico Sul (TSAI) no período de 1964 a 2016, oriundos da base de dados da Administração Nacional do Oceano e Atmosfera (NOAA). Como metodologia, foi utilizado o software RClimdex para o cálculo de 11 índices de extremos climáticos, visando monitorar e detectar as mudanças do clima e alteração do padrão pluviométrico da região. Após o processamento do RClimdex foi realizada a correlação entre os 11 índices climáticos com os índices oceânicos do Pacífico e Atlântico. Os índices de extremos climáticos indicaram tendência negativa em praticamente todos os índices, com destaque para diminuição da precipitação total anual, situação que converge para a escassez hídrica na região. Constatou-se que as precipitações com tendências negativas são mais influenciadas pelas variações da Temperatura da Superfície do Mar (TSM) no oceano Pacífico em relação às variações no oceano Atlântico, evidenciando que o fenômeno El Niño influencia na redução das chuvas na bacia do Submédio São Francisco

ÁREAS DE RISCO MAIS VULNERÁVEIS AOS DESASTRES DECORRENTES DAS CHUVAS EM RECIFE-PE

A ocorrência dos desastres vem aumentando significativamente em todo mundo, comelevados números de mortes e grandes perdas econômicas, refletindo avulnerabilidade do sistema social, político e econômico. Este trabalho tem comoobjetivo identificar as áreas de risco mais vulneráveis aos desastres decorrentes daschuvas na cidade do Recife-PE, considerando aspectos socioeconômicos da população.Foram utilizados dados de óbitos e afetados no período de 2005 a 2008 cedidos pelaCODECIR, além da densidade demográfica, renda per capita, população, condições dehabitabilidade, e Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano oriundos do IBGE. Realizou-se omapeamento dos bairros onde há registros de mortes decorrentes das chuvas, comotambém mapas com os dados socioeconômicos nos 94 bairros de Recife. Paraidentificar as áreas mais vulneráveis aos desastres foi proposta a Equação de RiscoMeira. Os resultados indicaram que a maior incidência de óbitos decorrentes daschuvas ocorre nas regionais Noroeste e Sul de Recife. A maioria dos bairros apresentariscos a desastres Muito Alto e Alto e vulnerabilidade Muito Alta, com os maioresíndices de riscos a desastres nas áreas constituídas de morros íngremes eadensamento da população, aliadas às condições sociais e econômicas

GQ-16, a TZD-derived partial PPARγ agonist, induces the expression of thermogenesis- related genes in brown fat and visceral white fat and decreases visceral adiposity in obese and hyperglycemic mice

Background Beige adipocytes comprise a unique thermogenic cell type in the white adipose tissue (WAT) of rodents and humans, and play a critical role in energy homeostasis. In this scenario, recruitment of beige cells has been an important focus of interest for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to treat obesity. PPARγ activation by full agonists (thiazolidinediones, TZDs) drives the appearance of beige cells, a process so-called browning of WAT. However, this does not translate into increased energy expenditure, and TZDs are associated with weight gain. Partial PPARγ agonists, on the other hand, do not induce weight gain, but have not been shown to drive WAT browning. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of GQ-16 on BAT and on browning of WAT in obese mice. Methods Male Swiss mice with obesity and hyperglycemia induced by high fat diet were treated with vehicle, rosiglitazone (4 mg/kg/d) or the TZD-derived partial PPARγ agonist GQ-16 (40 mg/ kg/d) for 14 days. Fasting blood glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and lipid profile were measured. WAT and brown adipose tissue (BAT) depots were excised for determination of adiposity, relative expression of Ucp-1, Cidea, Prdm16, Cd40 and Tmem26 by RT-qPCR, histological analysis, and UCP-1 protein expression analysis by immunohistochemistry. Liver samples were also removed for histological analysis and determination of hepatic triglyceride content. Results GQ-16 treatment reduced high fat diet-induced weight gain in mice despite increasing energy intake. This was accompanied by reduced epididymal fat mass, reduced liver triglyceride content, morphological signs of increased BAT activity, increased expression of thermogenesis- related genes in interscapular BAT and epididymal WAT, and increased UCP-1 protein expression in interscapular BAT and in epididymal and inguinal WAT. Conclusion This study suggests for the first time that a partial PPARγ agonist may increase BAT activity and induce the expression of thermogenesis-related genes in visceral WAT. General Significance These findings suggest that PPARγ activity might be modulated by partial agonists to induce WAT browning and treat obesity

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types