Violence against women and the risk of fetal and early childhood growth impairment: a cohort study in rural Bangladesh.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether different forms of family violence against women were associated with impaired size at birth and early childhood growth. METHODS: A substudy embedded into a community-based food and micronutrient supplementation trial (MINIMat) of pregnant women in rural Bangladesh included a 2-year follow-up of the 3164 live-born children of participating women. Anthropometric data were collected from birth up to 24 months of age, and converted to WHO growth standard SD scores. Size at birth and early childhood growth were assessed in relation to women's exposure to physical, sexual and emotional violence and the level of controlling behaviour in the family. RESULTS: Fifty per cent of all women reported a lifetime experience of some form of family violence. The mean birth weight was 2701 g, 30% were low birth weight (<2500 g), mean birth length was 47.8 cm (17.5%, <or=2 SD) and at 24 months of age 37% were underweight and 50% of the children were stunted. Exposure to any form of violence was negatively associated with weight and length at birth and weight-for-age and height-for-age SD scores at 24 months of age, as well as a change in weight and height SD score from birth to 24 months of age (p<0.05, adjusted for potential confounders). CONCLUSIONS: Violence against women was associated with an increased risk of fetal and early childhood growth impairment, adding to the multitude of confirmed and plausible health consequences caused by this problem

The art of learning: games, players, UCC and paratext

With the rise of participatory culture and Web 2.0, what constitutes gaming and its attendant forms of skill has dramatically expanded. Participatory media heralds new forms of engagement inside and outside the space of gameplay. This phenomenon also proclaims new tensions around what constitutes professional and amateur skills. This is further enriched by the burgeoning of the online with ancillary texts adding to players experience, knowledge and expectation of the game. In game studies, multi-player games have gained much attention for their social and commercial dimensions, especially around the rise (and fall) of E-Sports and professionalisation of gaming as part of broader shifts in commodifying leisure and lifestyle. In these shifts focusing upon the increasingly social aspects of gaming, single-player games have been relatively overlooked. No longer an isolated practice, single-player games have become progressively more social and collaborative. As such, there is a need to examine the ways in which single-players also redefine mastery and skill as part of a dynamic practice that involves negotiation between game and ancillary texts and experiences. This thesis addresses the transformative role of the paratext (Genette, 1987) within the wider cultures of gaming. Through the discussion of changing notions of mastery as part of the sociality and creativity within games, this thesis attempts to understand how the contemporary form of paratexts shapes skill, social, creative and labour dimensions of single-player games today. In sum, how paratexts contribute to a gaming knowledge or &amp;ldquo;gaming capital&amp;rdquo;

Incidencia de la implementación de un sistema contable integral en la presentación de los estados financieros del Hotel Boutique Colina Real de la ciudad de Estelí durante el primer trimestre 2020

La presente investigación tiene como propósito principal mejorar la gestión contable de la actividad económica en el Hotel Boutique Colina Real a través del diseño e implementación de un sistema contable integral para funcionamiento empresarial y registro de operaciones financieras; con la finalidad de analizar su incidencia en la presentación de la información contable. El Hotel Boutique Colina Real fue fundado en el año 2015, ubicado en la comunidad la Thompson, kilómetro 152 carretera Panamericana Norte, Estelí. Con este sistema de información, se prevé proporcionar una solución para sugerir un adecuado manejo del área contable, a través del diseño de un instrumento que facilita el análisis de datos contables y financieros para descifrar correctamente la situación económica de la empresa de servicios Hotel Boutique Colina Real, siendo un principal beneficio para la propietaria. En este estudio se plantean cuatro ejes que complementan la investigación estos son: Empresas Hoteleras, Sistemas Contables, Manuales de Control, Estados Financieros. Esta investigación es de tipo cualitativa. Los métodos de recolección de datos que se aplicaron fueron, entrevistas a la gerente propietaria y a especialista en el área financiera enfocada en sistemas contables, de igual manera se desarrolló una guía de observación y revisión documental a los distintos documentos que nos permitieron realizar esta investigación. Los resultados que se obtuvieron por medio de toda la información procesada nos señalan que Con esta información se facilitará el proceso para una correcta toma de decisión que permita proyectar con certeza un plan que mejore la rentabilidad del hotel

Incidencia de la implementación de un sistema contable integral básico en la presentación de los estados financieros del Hotel Boutique Colina Real de la ciudad de Estelí durante el primer trimestre 2020

La presente investigación tiene como propósito principal mejorar la gestión contable de la actividad económica en el Hotel Boutique Colina Real a través del diseño e implementación de un sistema contable integral para funcionamiento empresarial y registro de operaciones financieras; con la finalidad de analizar su incidencia en la presentación de la información contable. El Hotel Boutique Colina Real fue fundado en el año 2015, ubicado en la comunidad la Thompson, kilómetro 152 carretera Panamericana Norte, Estelí. Con este sistema de información, se prevé proporcionar una solución para sugerir un adecuado manejo del área contable, a través del diseño de un instrumento que facilita el análisis de datos contables y financieros para descifrar correctamente la situación económica de la empresa de servicios Hotel Boutique Colina Real, siendo un principal beneficio para la propietaria. En este estudio se plantean cuatro ejes que complementan la investigación estos son: Empresas Hoteleras, Sistemas Contables, Manuales de Control, Estados Financieros. Esta investigación es de tipo cualitativa. Los métodos de recolección de datos que se aplicaron fueron, entrevistas a la gerente propietaria y a especialista en el área financiera enfocada en sistemas contables, de igual manera se desarrolló una guía de observación y revisión documental a los distintos documentos que nos permitieron realizar esta investigación. Los resultados que se obtuvieron por medio de toda la información procesada nos señalan que Con esta información se facilitará el proceso para una correcta toma de decisión que permita proyectar con certeza un plan que mejore la rentabilidad del hotel

THE METABOLSIM AND TOXICITY OF RADIUM-223 IN RATS

This report covers studies of the excretion and retention of 'tracer' and toxic doses of the 11.2-day Ra{sup 223} isotope, its acute toxicity (organ weight changes, gross and microscopic pathology, and Fe{sup 59} utilization by the bone marrow), and long-term histopathological changes and alterations in the hemogram

Intimate partner violence and infant morbidity: evidence of an association from a population-based study in eastern Uganda in 2003

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Although recent studies suggest that there is an association between intimate partner violence and child mortality, the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. It is against this background that as a secondary objective, we set out to explore whether an association exists between intimate partner violence and illness in infants.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We conducted a population based household survey in Mbale, eastern Uganda in 2003. Participants were 457 women (with 457 infants) who consented to participate in the study. We measured socio-demographics of women and occurrence of intimate partner violence. We measured socio-demographics, immunization, nutritional status, and illness in the previous two weeks of the children.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The mean age of the women was 25 years (SD 5.7) while the mean age of the infants was 6 months (SD 3.5). The prevalence of lifetime intimate partner violence was 54% (95% CI 48%–60%). During the previous two weeks, 50% (95% CI 50%–54%) of the children had illness (fever, diarrhoea, cough and fast breathing). Lifetime intimate partner violence was associated with infant illness (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2–2.8) and diarrhoea (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2–3.4).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our findings suggest that infant illnesses (fever, diarrhoea, cough and fast breathing) are associated with intimate partner violence, and provide insights into previous reports that have shown an association between intimate partner violence and child mortality, suggesting possible underlying mechanisms. Our findings also highlight the importance of intimate partner violence on the health of children, and the need for further research in this area.</p

Functional Divergence among Silkworm Antimicrobial Peptide Paralogs by the Activities of Recombinant Proteins and the Induced Expression Profiles

Antimicrobial peptides are small-molecule proteins that are usually encoded by multiple-gene families. They play crucial roles in the innate immune response, but reports on the functional divergence of antimicrobial peptide gene families are rare. In this study, 14 paralogs of antimicrobial peptides belonging to cecropin, moricin and gloverin families were recombinantly expressed in pET expression systems. By antimicrobial activity tests, peptides representing paralogs in the same family of cecropin and moricin families, displayed remarkable differences against 10 tested bacteria. The evolutionary rates were relatively fast in the two families, which presented obvious functional divergence among paralogs of each family. Four peptides of gloverin family had similar antimicrobial spectrum and activity against tested bacteria. The gloverin family showed similar antimicrobial function and slow evolutionary rates. By induced transcriptional activity, genes encoding active antimicrobial peptides were upregulated at obviously different levels when silkworm pupae were infected by three types of microbes. Association analysis of antimicrobial activities and induced transcriptional activities indicated that the antimicrobial activities might be positively correlated with induced transcriptional activities in the cecropin and moricin families. These results suggest that representative BmcecB6, BmcecD and Bmmor as the major effector genes have broad antimicrobial spectrum, strong antimicrobial activity and high microbe-induced expression among each family and maybe play crucial roles in eliminating microbial infection

A population-based survey of the epidemiology of symptom-defined gastroesophageal reflux disease: the Systematic Investigation of Gastrointestinal Diseases in China

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has yet to be investigated using the symptomatic threshold criteria recommended by the Montreal Definition. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of symptom-defined GERD across five regions of China, and to investigate variables associated with GERD.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A representative sample of 18 000 adults (aged 18-80 years) were selected equally from rural and urban areas in each region (n = 1800). According to the Montreal Definition, GERD is present when mild symptoms of heartburn and/or regurgitation occur on ≥2 days a week, or moderate-to-severe symptoms of heartburn and/or regurgitation occur on ≥1 day a week.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In total, 16 091 participants completed the survey (response rate: 89.4%) and 16 078 responses were suitable for analysis. Applying the Montreal criteria, the prevalence of symptom-defined GERD was 3.1% and varied significantly (<it>p </it>< 0.001) among the five regions (from 1.7% in Guangzhou to 5.1% in Wuhan) and between rural and urban populations (3.8% vs 2.4%). Factors significantly associated with GERD included living in a rural area and a family history of gastrointestinal diseases.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This population-based survey found that the prevalence of symptom-defined GERD in China was 3.1%, which is lower than that found in Western countries.</p