Process optimization for recycling of bread waste into bioethanol and biomethane: a circular economy approach

Bread is the second most wasted food in the UK with annual wastage of 292,000 tons. In the present work, bread waste (BW) was utilized for fermentative production of ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae KL17. Acidic and enzymatic saccharification of BW was carried out resulting in the highest glucose release of 75 and 97.9 g/L which is 73.5 and 95.9% of theoretical yield, respectively. The obtained sugars were fermented into ethanol initially in shake flask followed by scale up in bioreactor in batch and fed-batch mode. In the fed-batch mode of cultivation, the maximum ethanol titers of 111.3, 106.9, and 114.9 g/L with conversion yield and productivity of 0.48, 0.47, and 0.49 g/g, and 3.1, 3.0, and 3.2 g/L.h was achieved from pure glucose, glucose-rich acidic and enzymatic hydrolysates, respectively. Further to improve the process economics, the solid residues after acidic (ABW) and enzymatic (EBW) hydrolysis of BW along with respective fermentation residues (FR) obtained after the ethanol production were pooled and subjected to anaerobic digestion. The solid residue from ABW + FR, and EBW + FR yielded a biochemical methanation potential (BMP) of 345 and 379 mL CH4/g VS, respectively. Life cycle assessment of the process showed that the total emissions for ethanol production from BW were comparable to the emissions from more established feedstocks such as sugarcane and maize grain and much lower when compared to wheat and sweet potato. The current work demonstrates BW as promising feedstock for sustainable biofuel production with the aid of circular biorefining strategy. To the authors knowledge, this is the first time, such a sequential system has been investigated with BW for ethanol and biomethane production. Further work will be aimed at ethanol production at pilot scale and BMP will be accessed in a commercial anaerobic digester

Synthesis and Structural Investigation of Nano-Sized Cadmium Ferrite

This report presents the synthesis of cadmium ferrite (CdFe2O4) by Oxalate co-precipitation and its subsequent characterization by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. XRD results confirm the single cubic spinel phase formation with lattice parameter 8.7561Ao. An infrared spectroscopy study shows the presence of main two absorption bands indicating the presence of tetrahedral and octahedral group complexes, respectively, within the spinel lattice. We also report strain (y), hopping length (LA and LB) and dislocation density (rD) of ferrite sample

Синтез і характеристики наночастинок фериту Mg-Cd (Mg0.5Cd0.5Nd0.01Fe1.99O4), легованого Nd3+, отриманого у формі товстої плівки для датчиків газу

Методом оксалатного співосадження отримано нанокристалітні ферити з додаванням Nd3+ до зразка, формула якого Mg1 – xCdxFe2O4 (x = 0.5). Для характеристики зразків використовували FTIR, XRD та SEM. За даними XRD, структура являє собою кубічну шпінель з ортоферитом (NdFeO3) як вторинною фазою. Розмір кристалітів складає 36,8 нм. SEM аналіз морфології поверхні вказує на розмір зерна 0,38 мкм. У спектрі FTIR спостерігаються дві сильні смуги поглинання в діапазоні 350-800 см – 1. Нам вдалося виявити різні гази, такі як Cl2, LPG і етанол, використовуючи газовий датчик від кімнатної температури до 500 °C. Для газоподібного етанолу з 100 ppm при 500 °C склад Mg0.5Cd0.5Nd0.01Fe1.99O4 має найбільший відгук. Зразки феритового датчика Mg-Cd з додаванням Nd3+ демонструють гарний відгук та час відновлення. Склад матеріалу, тестовий газ і розмір зерен визначають час для завершення тесту.The oxalate co-precipitation method was used to prepare nanocrystallite ferrites with Nd3+ added to the general formula Mg1 – xCdxFe2O4 (x = 0.5). FTIR, XRD, and SEM were all used to characterize the samples. According to XRD, the structure is cubic spinel with orthoferrite (NdFeO3) as a secondary phase. The crystallite size is 36.79 nm. SEM analysis of surface morphology indicates a grain size of 0.38 µm. There are two strong absorption bands observed in the FTIR spectrum in the range of 350-800 cm – 1. We were able to detect various gases such as Cl2, LPG, and ethanol using the gas sensor from room temperature to 500 °C. For 100 ppm ethanol gas at 500 °C, the Mg0.5Cd0.5Nd0.01Fe1.99O4 composition has the greatest response. Mg-Cd ferrite sensor samples with Nd3+ added show good response and recovery time. Material composition, test gas, and grain size determine the time to complete the test

Health-status outcomes with invasive or conservative care in coronary disease

BACKGROUND In the ISCHEMIA trial, an invasive strategy with angiographic assessment and revascularization did not reduce clinical events among patients with stable ischemic heart disease and moderate or severe ischemia. A secondary objective of the trial was to assess angina-related health status among these patients. METHODS We assessed angina-related symptoms, function, and quality of life with the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) at randomization, at months 1.5, 3, and 6, and every 6 months thereafter in participants who had been randomly assigned to an invasive treatment strategy (2295 participants) or a conservative strategy (2322). Mixed-effects cumulative probability models within a Bayesian framework were used to estimate differences between the treatment groups. The primary outcome of this health-status analysis was the SAQ summary score (scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health status). All analyses were performed in the overall population and according to baseline angina frequency. RESULTS At baseline, 35% of patients reported having no angina in the previous month. SAQ summary scores increased in both treatment groups, with increases at 3, 12, and 36 months that were 4.1 points (95% credible interval, 3.2 to 5.0), 4.2 points (95% credible interval, 3.3 to 5.1), and 2.9 points (95% credible interval, 2.2 to 3.7) higher with the invasive strategy than with the conservative strategy. Differences were larger among participants who had more frequent angina at baseline (8.5 vs. 0.1 points at 3 months and 5.3 vs. 1.2 points at 36 months among participants with daily or weekly angina as compared with no angina). CONCLUSIONS In the overall trial population with moderate or severe ischemia, which included 35% of participants without angina at baseline, patients randomly assigned to the invasive strategy had greater improvement in angina-related health status than those assigned to the conservative strategy. The modest mean differences favoring the invasive strategy in the overall group reflected minimal differences among asymptomatic patients and larger differences among patients who had had angina at baseline

Initial invasive or conservative strategy for stable coronary disease

BACKGROUND Among patients with stable coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, whether clinical outcomes are better in those who receive an invasive intervention plus medical therapy than in those who receive medical therapy alone is uncertain. METHODS We randomly assigned 5179 patients with moderate or severe ischemia to an initial invasive strategy (angiography and revascularization when feasible) and medical therapy or to an initial conservative strategy of medical therapy alone and angiography if medical therapy failed. The primary outcome was a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure, or resuscitated cardiac arrest. A key secondary outcome was death from cardiovascular causes or myocardial infarction. RESULTS Over a median of 3.2 years, 318 primary outcome events occurred in the invasive-strategy group and 352 occurred in the conservative-strategy group. At 6 months, the cumulative event rate was 5.3% in the invasive-strategy group and 3.4% in the conservative-strategy group (difference, 1.9 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8 to 3.0); at 5 years, the cumulative event rate was 16.4% and 18.2%, respectively (difference, 121.8 percentage points; 95% CI, 124.7 to 1.0). Results were similar with respect to the key secondary outcome. The incidence of the primary outcome was sensitive to the definition of myocardial infarction; a secondary analysis yielded more procedural myocardial infarctions of uncertain clinical importance. There were 145 deaths in the invasive-strategy group and 144 deaths in the conservative-strategy group (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.32). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with stable coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, we did not find evidence that an initial invasive strategy, as compared with an initial conservative strategy, reduced the risk of ischemic cardiovascular events or death from any cause over a median of 3.2 years. The trial findings were sensitive to the definition of myocardial infarction that was used

Measurement of the double-differential inclusive jet cross section in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 5.02 TeV

International audienceThe inclusive jet cross section is measured as a function of jet transverse momentum $p_\mathrm{T}$ and rapidity $y$. The measurement is performed using proton-proton collision data at $\sqrt{s}$ = 5.02 TeV, recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 27.4 pb$^{-1}$. The jets are reconstructed with the anti-$k_\mathrm{T}$ algorithm using a distance parameter of $R$ = 0.4, within the rapidity interval $\lvert y\rvert$$\lt$ 2, and across the kinematic range 0.06 $\lt$$p_\mathrm{T}$$\lt$ 1 TeV. The jet cross section is unfolded from detector to particle level using the determined jet response and resolution. The results are compared to predictions of perturbative quantum chromodynamics, calculated at both next-to-leading order and next-to-next-to-leading order. The predictions are corrected for nonperturbative effects, and presented for a variety of parton distribution functions and choices of the renormalization/factorization scales and the strong coupling $\alpha_\mathrm{S}$