Auslander's Formula for contravariantly finite subcategories

A relative version of Auslander's formula with respect to a contravariantly finite subcategory will be given. Dual version will be treated. Several examples and applications will be provided. In particular, we show that under certain circumstances, if relative Auslander algebras of artin algebras $\Lambda$ and $\Lambda'$ are Morita equivalent, then $\Lambda$ and $\Lambda'$ are also Morita equivalent

Comparison the effect of Sleep Positioning on Cardiorespiratory Rate in Noninvasive Ventilated Premature Infants

Background: Results of several studies suggest that prone position is beneficial in improving the preterm infants’ cardio-respiratory status. Previous studies showed opposite results, and also there is not any available clear study about the effect of this position on cardio-respiratory rates of Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (N-CPAP) treating premature infants. Objectives: This study aimed at comparing supine and prone positions on cardio-respiratory rates of premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) who were treated using N-CPAP. Patients and Methods: This was a cross over study which was performed in 2010 on 44 hospitalized 29-34 weeks gestation premature infants who were receiving N-CPAP in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Al-Zahra Hospital of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Infants were randomly assigned into two groups, and the first group was placed in prone at first and then in supine, and the position of second group was at first supine and then prone. Infants’ Heart Rate (HR) and Respiratory Rate (RR) were assessed three times in each position for 30 minutes. The data was recorded in a data-collection form, and demographic data was analyzed using t test, Chi square and Fisher exact test. Also, repeated measurement ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests were used. Results: There was a significant difference in HR and RR of premature infants who were similar in gestational age and clinical condition and placed in two positions. Premature infants’ HR and RR became lower at prone position than supine in both groups. So it can be concluded that prone position could decrease infants HR and RR, but supine position might increase them (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our findings support prone positioning for premature infants. Therefore, it is advisable to NICU staff that if there is no obstacle for changing the infant’s position, prone position in infants with respiratory complications during receiving N-CPAP in NICU can be useful. Regarding the fact that prone position is a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome , prone position should be only used when the newborn is being supervised carefully

Iranian Dietary Patterns and Risk of Colorectal Cancer

Background: Role of diet on colorectal cancer (CRC) has been considered in terms of single foods and nutrients, but less frequently in terms of dietary patterns in Iran. The objective of this study was to determine the association between Iranian dietary patterns and CRC. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in four hospitals in Tabriz City of Iran including 414 participants aged 35-75 years: 207 cases with CRC confirmed by pathology and colonoscopy findings were selected and 207 controls free of neoplastic conditions and diet-related chronic diseases (from the same hospital at the same period for the cases). Dietary data were assessed using a 123-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Two dietary patterns were found by using of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method;"Healthy pattern" and "Iranian pattern". Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR) for relationship between dietary patterns and colorectal cancer. Results: After adjusting for confounding factors, the Iranian dietary pattern was significantly associated with an increased odds of colorectal cancer (OR=1.46; 95 Confidenec Interval (CI)=1.05-2.19) while a reduced odds of colorectal cancer was observed with the Healthy dietary pattern (OR=0.18; 95 CI=0.091-0.47). Conclusion: Iranian dietary pattern (IDP) seems to increase the odds of colorectal cancer and protective effect of Healthy dietary pattern

Effect of Carbohydrate Source and Addition Canola Seed on Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility of Lambs

The objective of this study was to investigate effects of partial replacement of starch with neutral detergent soluble fiber with or without roasted canola seed as a fat source, and possible interactions on apparent digestibility and growth performance of growing lambs. For this purpose, 24 male lambs were used in a completely randomized design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Dietary treatments were 1- starch from barley, 2- starch from barley with roasted canola seed, 3- soluble fiber from beet pulp, and 4- soluble fiber from beet pulp with roasted canola seed. The experimental period was 84 days and forage:concentrate ratio was 10:90 for all diets. Treatments had no significant effect on the dry matter intake, feed conversion ratio, apparent digestibility of protein and organic matter (p>0.05). High starch diets compared with high soluble fiber diets caused a significant decrease in the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, ADF and NDF (p<0.01). Canola seed addition to the diets significantly decreased ADF and NDF digestibility (p<0.01). The carbohydrate source by canola seed interaction was significant for weight gain and rumen pH (p<0.01) indicating that addition of canola seed to high starch diet increased weight gain and rumen pH more dramatically in comparison with soluble fiber diet (p<0.01). It is concluded that addition of canola seed to high starch diet had favorable effects on growth performance and rumen pH but because of its negative effect on fiber digestibility and its different response depend on carbohydrate source, more research is needed for conclusion

ATTRIBUTION OF MENTAL DISORDERS IN SUICIDE OCCURRENCE

The present study aimed to determine attribution of mental disorders in suicide occurrence. By a cross-sectional study, all suicide records (n = 5188), between 1993 and 2009 in Ilam province, were investigated. Multiple logistic regression analysis was adopted. Totally, 27.5 of the suicides occurred due to mental disorders. This was significantly higher in males (29.3), individuals born in 1996(44) and 1990s (30.3), those aged 30 years and above (33.2) and suicide attempters (28.3), respectively and separately. The risk of suicide due to mental disorders was observed for females (OR = 0.85, CI = 0.74-0.97), those born in 1994 (OR = 2.82, CI = 1.27-6.24), completed suicides (OR = 0.81, CI = 0.68-0.97) and the age group 25 to 29 years old (OR = 0.82, CI = 0.66-1.01). Suicide due to mental disorders was higher among males compared to females, the rate of which was directly proportional to attempted suicide and age. It is therefore recommended that health educations be seriously carried on targeted groups

Prevalence of high-level gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in an Iranian hospital

This study was designed to determine the molecular characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of enterococcal strains isolated from patients admitted to an Iranian Hospital. Enterococcal strains were isolated from the burn patients. All strains were screened for genes encoding resistance to aminoglycoside aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia, aph (3'), ant (4'), resistance to vancomycin (vanA, vanB), resistance to tetracycline (tetK, tetL, tetM, tetO), and resistance to erythromycin (ermA, ermB, ermC) by PCR and multiplex PCR-based methods. Genetic diversity was evaluated via Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR. All enterococcal isolates showed complete sensitivity to vancomycin with MIC � 0.5μg/ml. Resistance to gentamicin, tetracycline, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin or quinopristin-dalfopristin was detected, whilst more than 96.2% of isolates were high-level gentamicinresistant (HLGR) and multiple drug resistant. The most prevalent aminoglycoside resistance gene was aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia, that was found in 96.2% (26/27) of the isolates. The most prevalent tetracycline resistance genes were tetM, found in 85.1% (23/27) followed by tetL and tetO found in 7.4% (2/27) of the isolates. The ermA and ermB genes were detected in 33.3% (9/27) and 44.4% (12/27) of the isolates respectively. RAPD-PCR analysis yielded 17 distinct profiles among 27 investigated isolates. One cluster of isolates shared the same RAPD pattern, while 16 isolates had unique RAPD pattern. Our study showed that during the examination time period one RAPD genotype was the common type and was disseminated among patients in the burn unit. Interestingly, most of these strains had an identical or very similar antibiotic and gene resistance pattern

Application of lidocaine spray for tracheal intubation in neonates - A clinical trial study

Background: Tracheal intubation is extremely distressing, painful, and may influence heart rate and blood pressure. Sedatives, analgesics, and muscle relaxants are not commonly used for intubation in neonates. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of lidocaine spray as a non-intravenous drug before neonatal intubation on blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation and time of intubation. Patients and Methods: In a randomized, controlled study each neonate was randomly assigned to one of the two study groups by staffs who were not involved in the infant's care. The allocation concealment was kept in an opaque sealed envelope, and the investigators, the patient care team, and the assessors were blinded to the treatment allocation. The selected setting was NICU unit of a teaching hospital in Ilam city, Iran and participants were 60 neonates with indication of tracheal intubation with gestational age >30 weeks. Patients in the treatment group received lidocaine spray and the placebo group received spray of normal saline prior to intubation. Main outcome measurements were the mean rates of blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, intubation time and lidocaine side effects were measured before and after intubation. Results: Totally 60 newborns including 31 boys and 29 girls were entered into the study (drug group n = 30; placebo group n = 30). Boy/girl ratio in treatment and placebo groups were 1.3 and 0.88, respectively. Mean age ± SD of participants was 34.1 ± 24.8 hours (treatment: 35.3 ± 25.7; placebo: 32.9 ± 24.3; P < 0.0001). Mean weight ± SD of neonates was 2012.5 ± 969 g. Application of lidocaine spray caused a significant reduction of mean intubation time among treatment group compared with placebo group (treatment: 15.03 ± 2.2 seconds; placebo: 18.3 ± 2.3 seconds; P < 0.0001). Mean blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen saturation rate, among neonates in treatment group was reduced after intubation compared with their relevant figures before intubation; however, their differences were not statistically significant except for mean oxygen saturation rate that was reduced significantly in placebo group. No side effects were observed during study. Conclusions: Though the current study revealed some promising results in the application of lidocaine spray during neonatal intubation without any considerable side effects; however, the current investigation could only be considered as a pilot study for further attempts in different locations with higher sample sizes and in different situations. © 2015, Growth & Development Research Center

Evaluation of Antioxidant Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Aloe Vera Gel on the Stability of Soybean Oil

Introduction Oxidation of lipids results in changes that may affect the nutritional quality, wholesomeness, colour, flavour and texture of food. The aim of this study was to investigate the type and amount of phenolic compounds in ethanolic extract of aloe vera gel as a source of natural antioxidant and its effect on the oxidative stability of soybean oil.Using synthetic antioxidant due to the possibility of toxic and carcinogenic effects is limited. Thus, it is important to find an alternative to synthetic antioxidants by natural antioxidant. Different intrinsic and extrinsic factors may initiate the oxidation of lipids. The initial products of oxidation are tasteless and odorless and after degradation and production of secondary products, the off-flavors and off-odors will appeared in edible oils. This is a great concern in food industry, because it decreases the shelf life of food products. Free radicals are produced during chain reactions in lipid oxidation process. To avoid this, synthetic antioxidants are usually used which are sensible to heat and are hazardous to human health and may cause cancer. Polyphenols have antioxidant activity and absorb free radicals. Thus, the vegetable oils rich in polyphenols can affect human health. In this research, we aimed to investigate the application of natural extract of aloe vera gel as a natural antioxidant to avoid soy oil oxidation and to compare it with synthetic antioxidants.The rate of oxidation reaction can be delayed by adding antioxidants. Consumers today tend to use natural antioxidants instead of synthetics. The overall purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of adding ethanolic extract of aloe vera gel as natural antioxidant on improving the stability of soybean oil. Materials and Methods The compounds in ethanolic extract of aloe vera gel were determined using GC / MS. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the method of DPPH. For this purpose, ethanolic extracts of aloe vera gel were added to soybean oil in four different concentrations (500, 1000, 1500, 2000 ppm) and peroxide value, acidity, thiobarbituric acid, total phenol, oxidative stability to Rancimat method, fatty acid profile and sensory evaluation were performed on soybean oil samples and compared with the control sample containing 120 ppm BHA and soybean oil sample without adding antioxidants during 30, 60 and 90 days of storage at 25 ° C. Results and Discussion The results showed that by increasing the concentration of aloe vera extracts from 500 to 2000 ppm, the oxidation rate decreases during 90 days of storage, the amount of peroxide, thiobarbituric acid and acidity of soybean oil containing 2000 ppm ethanolic extract of aloe vera gel was lower than the control sample containing 120 ppm BHA. The total phenol content and free radical scavenging and stability to oxidative degradation by Rancimat method in soybean oil sample containing 2000 ppm aloe vera ethanol extract was higher than soybean oil samples containing BHA120 ppm. Evaluation of sensory properties showed that no significant difference was observed between the sensory properties of the oil sample containing 2000 ppm ethanolic extract of aloe vera gel and the control soybean oil sample of BHA120 ppm. Conclusion Considering that the sample of soybean oil containing 2000 ppm ethanolic extract of aloe vera gel had higher phenol content and free radical scavenging and more antioxidant properties than the control sample, it did not differ significantly from the control sample. Qualitative and health properties were selected as the superior treatment. The results of this study showed that the ethanolic extract of aloe vera gel can be used as a natural antioxidant instead of conventional synthetic antioxidants in the oil industry and to prevent oxidative spoilage of the oil in a desirable way. Therefore, it might be employed as a natural antioxidant in foods, particularly those containing edible oils

Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of tetracycline resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from nosocomial infections at Tehran hospitals

Objective(s): To date, the most important genes responsible for tetracycline resistance among Acinetobacter baumannii isolates have been identified as tet A and tet B. This study was carried out to determine the rate of resistance to tetracycline and related antibiotics, and mechanisms of resistance. Materials and Methods: During the years 2010 and 2011, a total of 100 A. baumannii isolates were recovered from patients in different hospitals of Tehran, Iran. Antimicrobial susceptibility to tetracycline, minocycline, doxicycline and tigecycline was evaluated by E-test. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the tet A and tet B genes was performed using specific primers, after which the isolates were subjected to Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic-PCR (PCR) to identify the major genotypes. Results: Of all isolates, 89 were resistant to tetracycline (MIC50 = 32 mu g/ml, MIC90 = 512 mu g/ml). Minocycline with the resistant rate of 35 (MIC50 = 16 mu g/ml, MIC90 = 32 mu g/ml) and doxicycline with the resistant rate of 25 (MIC50 = 16 mu g/ml, MIC90= 32 mu g/ml) have a good activity against A. baumannii isolates. All isolates were sensitive to tigecycline. Frequencies of tet B and tet A genes and coexistence of tet A and tet B among the isolates resistant to tetracycline, were 87.6, 2.2 and 1.1, respectively. Distribution of REP-types among A. baumannii isolates was types A (40), B (30), C (10), D (5) and E (5). Conclusion: It seems that tet A and tet B genes play an important role in the induction of resistance towards tetracyclines used in this study. It is suggested that further studies focus on other antimicrobial drugs and combinations in order to achieve a successful therapy against multi drug resistance (MDR) A. baumannii strains in Iran

Distribution of the most prevalent spa types among clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus around the world: A review

Background: Staphylococcus aureus, a leading cause of community-acquired and nosocomial infections, remains a major health problem worldwide. Molecular typing methods, such as spa typing, are vital for the control and, when typing can be made more timely, prevention of S. aureus spread around healthcare settings. The current study aims to review the literature to report the most common clinical spa types around the world, which is important for epidemiological surveys and nosocomial infection control policies. Methods: A search via PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane library, and Scopus was conducted for original articles reporting the most prevalent spa types among S. aureus isolates. The search terms were "Staphylococcus aureus, spa typing." Results: The most prevalent spa types were t032, t008 and t002 in Europe; t037 and t002 in Asia; t008, t002, and t242 in America; t037, t084, and t064 in Africa; and t020 in Australia. In Europe, all the isolates related to spa type t032 were MRSA. In addition, spa type t037 in Africa and t037and t437 in Australia also consisted exclusively of MRSA isolates. Given the fact that more than 95 of the papers we studied originated in the past decade there was no option to study the dynamics of regional clone emergence. Conclusion: This review documents the presence of the most prevalent spa types in countries, continents and worldwide and shows big local differences in clonal distribution. © 2018 Asadollahi, Farahani, Mirzaii, Khoramrooz, van Belkum, Asadollahi, Dadashi and Darban-Sarokhalil