El papel del clero en la expulsión de los jesuitas decretada por Carlos III en 1767

El presente trabajo trata sobre la reacción del clero secular y regular ante la expulsión de los jesuitas de la monarquía hispánica en 1767. Veremos las opiniones de algunos de los obispos favorables a la política regalista de Carlos III, y cómo actuaron antes la operación mejor diseñada y más eficaz contra la Compañía de Jesús en los amplios territorios del monarca Borbón. Al mismo tiempo, analizaremos los comentarios de los propios expulsos sobre el clero español y las consecuencias que tuvieron ambas reacciones.This paper discusses the reaction of the secular and regular clergy before the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Spanish monarchy in 1767. We will see the points of view of some of the pro-royalist policy of Carlos III bishops, and how they act towards the better designed and more effective operation against the Society of Jesus in the vast territories of the Bourbon king. At the same time, it is analyzed the Jesuits exiles opinion about the Spanish clergy and the consequences of both reactions

La circulación de las ideas económicas en el Río de la Plata: las “Noticias de los campos de Buenos Aires y Montevideo para su arreglo” [1794]

El presente trabajo se propone contribuir al conocimiento de la circulación de las ideas económicas en el Río de la Plata a partir de la reconstrucción de las fuentes y referencias intelectuales utilizadas por el autor de las Noticias de los campos de Buenos Aires y Montevideo para su arreglo (1794). Esta pieza documental anónima se inscribe en un contexto intelectual muy preciso. Como en otras partes de la América española a fines del siglo XVIII se forjó en el Río de la Plata (América del Sur) un pensamiento sobre el problema de cómo hacer crecer y multiplicar la riqueza regional con el cometido de contribuir al mejoramiento de la posición relativa del Imperio español en relación a otros imperios. A lo largo del trabajo se evidencia que el autor realizó un uso pragmático del estado del arte intelectual de su tiempo para pensar los problemas económicos locales e imperiales así como para defender sus posiciones interesa-das.This paper contributes to the knowledge of the circulation of economic ideas in the Rio de la Plata. It offers a recon-struction of the intellectual sources and references used by the author of a very well-known manuscript dated on 1794 titled Noticias de los campos de Buenos Aires y Montevideo para su arreglo. The main theme of that piece is how to grow and multiply regional wealth, a subject that forged many intellectual pieces in Spanish America along the late 18th century, when many thinkers and policy-makers were involved in the task of improving the position of the Span-ish Empire relative to their rivals. This paper makes evident that the Noticias’ author did a pragmatic use of concepts and statements that belonged to a kind of common sense of his time on economic development, and also that he deployed these ideas and statements as intellectual resources to defend his own interests

Mamá Antula: la beata de los ejercicios espirituales desde la mirada de los jesuitas desterrados

Resumen: Cuando en 1767 Carlos III expulsó a los jesuitas, una beata: Mª Antonia de San José, asumió la responsabilidad de continuar con la labor de estos religiosos, centrándose en la realización de los Ejercicios Espirituales al modo de San Ignacio por la Provincia de Paraguay. Analizamos aquí la influencia de estos jesuitas en su actividad misional y algunos de los comentarios que hicieron durante su exilio. Palabras clave: jesuitas, beata, ejercicios espirituales, destierroAbstract: When in 1767 Charles III of Spain expelled the Jesuits, a devout woman: Maria Antonia de San José, continued their work focusing on the realization of the Ignatian Spiritual Exercises along the Province of Paraguay. We analyze in this easy the influence of these religious on her missionary activity and the comments they wrote during their exile.   Keywords: Jesuits, devout woman, Ignatian spiritual exercises, exil

Control of the Administration and competition policy

This article seeks to analyse what is the purpose competition law serves in today’s society and reflect on how significant public authorities are in its application, both with an active and passive role. It analyses the main channels open to competition authorities, in order to bring to light possible breaches of competition principles committed by administrations and which are the most useful tools for stopping them. The paper considers that the role of public administrations in markets as regulators, providers of aid, economic operators or facilitators of contracting between companies is highly significant and may have a major influence on those markets. The proper exercise of these functions results in highly positive values for consumers and in an increase of the common good. Improper actions of the administration can be seriously harmful to the general interest. It concludes that ensuring the proper operation of the markets is essential if periods of economic recession are to be overcome. As such, public administrations must fulfil their mandate of guaranteeing the general good, shying away from sectoral interests that could bring increased short-term benefits but result in dysfunctions and harm for the common good and for consumers

El extrañamiento de los jesuitas valencianos

Incluye mapasEl artículo se centra en el método que se utilizó para llevar a término la expulsión de los jesuitas valencianos decretada por Carlos III en 1767. El viaje al destierro y su establecimiento en las Legacías pontificias

La circulación de las ideas económicas en el Río de la Plata: las “Noticias de los campos de Buenos Aires y Montevideo para su arreglo” [1794]

El presente trabajo se propone contribuir al conocimiento de la circulación de las ideas económicas en el Río de la Plata a partir de la reconstrucción de las fuentes y referencias intelectuales utilizadas por el autor de las Noticias de los campos de Buenos Aires y Montevideo para su arreglo (1794). Esta pieza documental anónima se inscribe en un contexto intelectual muy preciso. Como en otras partes de la América española a fines del siglo XVIII se forjó en el Río de la Plata (América del Sur) un pensamiento sobre el problema de cómo hacer crecer y multiplicar la riqueza regional con el cometido de contribuir al mejoramiento de la posición relativa del Imperio español en relación a otros imperios. A lo largo del trabajo se evidencia que el autor realizó un uso pragmático del estado del arte intelectual de su tiempo para pensar los problemas económicos locales e imperiales así como para defender sus posiciones interesadas

Heavy oil upgrading through oxidative cracking in near-critical and supercritical water

The gradual decline in conventional oil production combined with an increasing world energy demand has made the production and upgrading of heavy and extra heavy oil feedstocks crucial for the future of the global energy market. Properties of heavy oil such as high viscosity and high specific gravity as well as the high percentage of asphaltenes, heteroatoms and metals cause severe problems during extraction and refining processes. As a result, traditional upgrading technologies are not suitable as a standalone method to process these feedstocks. This makes necessary the development of alternative or complementary technologies to process heavy oil feedstocks in a more efficient and environmentally friendly way. This work is aimed to study an alternative heavy oil upgrading process that takes advantage of the unique properties of water at near-critical and supercritical conditions as reaction medium to perform the oxidative cracking of heavy oil feedstocks. The process consists of three main stages including the partial oxidation, cracking of the molecule, and removal of part of the oxygen incorporated from the final product. The process was studied using phenanthrene and methyl naphthalene as heavy oil model compounds and also Maya oil vacuum residue as real feedstock. This was performed in a purposely built microbomb batch reactor and an oxidative cracking flow reactor. The effect of the main process variables and the potential reaction pathways were studied with model compounds. Then the process was tested with real feedstock and the inclusion of a zeolite based catalyst to enhance yields to light oil was considered. It was found that process conditions have an important influence in the yield and selectivity to different product fractions. Optimum conditions to maximize the production of organic soluble products were determined. It was observed that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were not reactive in the absence or at low concentration of reactive oxygen species. However, oxygenated intermediates continued to react in water alone. In addition, it was observed that intermediate products were mainly oxygenated compounds and that the oxygenation proceeded preferentially through central rings. A hydrogen rich gas product was obtained. Experiments with vacuum residue showed that high yields to liquid products with low boiling point are obtained keeping low yields to coke at most conditions studied. The addition of a zeolite based catalyst showed improvement in the process, increasing the yield to light oil and reducing the average molecular weight of the product. Heteroatoms and metals present were mainly removed as coke and showed to be relatively stable.Open Acces