Reseñas

Francisco A. GONZÁLEZ REDONDO, Protagonistas de la Aeronáutica : Leonardo Torres Queved

Impact of femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis on retinal ganglion cell function

Purpose: To analyse the effect of femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) on the electrical response of retinal ganglion cells using pattern electroretinography (pERG). Methods: This was a longitudinal, prospective, observational pilot study. We included consecutive myopic patients who underwent FS-LASIK to correct up to 6dioptres of myopia and up to 2dioptres of astigmatism. Patients with excessive blinking or tearing and those with Snellen uncorrected visual acuity less than 0.9 dec on postop day 1 were excluded. Diopsys NOVA® (Diopsys Inc., NJ) pERG records, using high- and low-contrast patterns, were obtained 16 h and 1month after FS-LASIK was performed. Magnitude (μV), Magnitude D (μV), Magnitude D/Magnitude ratio and signal-to-noise ratio (dB) were analysed. Wilcoxon test for nonparametric paired data was employed. Results: pERG data from 24 eyes were analysed from 24 patients who underwent FS-LASIK. Mean age was 35.79±9.86 years. Mean preoperative refraction was −2.69±7.6D (spherical) and −0.38±0.40D (cylinder). Mean surgical time was 56.88±7.6s. No statistically significant differences were obtained for any of the studied parameters when comparing 16h with 1month after FS-LASIK, with the exception of Magnitude with low contrast, which increased from 1.21±0.2 to 1.39±0.29µV at 16 h and 1month postoperatively, respectively (p=0.03). Conclusions: FS-LASIK seems to induce a mild and transitory defect in retinal ganglion cell function. Only a mild decrease was detected in the magnitude value for low-contrast stimuli when pERG was performed 16h postoperatively, and it returned to normal 1 month after surgery

Performance of Screening Strategies for Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results from the ENEIDA Registry of GETECCU

(1) Aims: Patients receiving antitumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy are at risk of developing tuberculosis (TB), usually due to the reactivation of a latent TB infection (LTBI). LTBI screening and treatment decreases the risk of TB. This study evaluated the diagnostic performance of different LTBI screening strategies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). (2) Methods: Patients in the Spanish ENEIDA registry with IBD screened for LTBI between January 2003 and January 2018 were included. The diagnostic yield of different strategies (dual screening with tuberculin skin test [TST] and interferon-gamma-release assay [IGRA], two-step TST, and early screening performed at least 12 months before starting biological treatment) was analyzed. (3) Results: Out of 7594 screened patients, 1445 (19%; 95% CI 18-20%) had LTBI. Immunomodulator (IMM) treatment at screening decreased the probability of detecting LTBI (20% vs. 17%, p = 0.001). Regarding screening strategies, LTBI was more frequently diagnosed by dual screening than by a single screening strategy (IGRA, OR 0.60; 95% CI 0.50-0.73, p < 0.001; TST, OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.66-0.88, p < 0.001). Two-step TST increased the diagnostic yield of a single TST by 24%. More cases of LTBI were diagnosed by early screening than by routine screening before starting anti-TNF agents (21% [95% CI 20-22%] vs. 14% [95% CI 13-16%], p < 0.001). The highest diagnostic performance for LTBI (29%) was obtained by combining early and TST/IGRA dual screening strategies in patients without IMM. (4): Conclusions: Both early screening and TST/IGRA dual screening strategies significantly increased diagnostic performance for LTBI in patients with IBD, with optimal performance achieved when they are used together in the absence of IMM

Experimental and genetic evidence for the impact of CD5 and CD6 expression and variation in inflammatory bowel disease

Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) resulting from the interaction of multiple environmental, genetic and immunological factors. CD5 and CD6 are paralogs encoding lymphocyte co-receptors involved in fine-tuning intracellular signals delivered upon antigen-specific recognition, microbial pattern recognition and cell adhesion. While CD5 and CD6 expression and variation is known to influence some immune-mediated inflammatory disorders, their role in IBD remains unclear. To this end, Cd5- and Cd6-deficient mice were subjected to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, the most widely used experimental animal model of IBD. The two mouse lines showed opposite results regarding body weight loss and disease activity index (DAI) changes following DSS-induced colitis, thus supporting Cd5 and Cd6 expression involvement in the pathophysiology of this experimental IBD model. Furthermore, DNA samples from IBD patients of the ENEIDA registry were used to test association of CD5 (rs2241002 and rs2229177) and CD6 (rs17824933, rs11230563, and rs12360861) single nucleotide polymorphisms with susceptibility and clinical parameters of CD (n=1352) and UC (n=1013). Generalized linear regression analyses showed association of CD5 variation with CD ileal location (rs2241002CC) and requirement of biological therapies (rs2241002C-rs2229177T haplotype), and with poor UC prognosis (rs2241002T-rs2229177T haplotype). Regarding CD6, association was observed with CD ileal location (rs17824933G) and poor prognosis (rs12360861G), and with left-sided or extensive UC, and absence of ankylosing spondylitis in IBD (rs17824933G). The present experimental and genetic evidence support a role for CD5 and CD6 expression and variation in IBD's clinical manifestations and therapeutic requirements, providing insight into its pathophysiology and broadening the relevance of both immunomodulatory receptors in immune-mediated disorders

Aplicación de enmiendas orgánicas producidas a partir de residuos agrícolas en suelos calcáreos

Resumen de la comunicación oral presentada en RENS 2023 XXXIII Reunión Nacional de Suelos. Pamplona, del 12-15 de septiembre 2023 .- El libro de resúmenes lo puede descargar en https://www2.unavarra.es/gesadj/seccionActualidad/congresos/rens2023_libro_resumenes.pdfLa agricultura actual se enfrenta al reto de garantizar el suministro de alimentos a una población en continuo crecimiento mientras la actividad humana ya ha deteriorado sobre el 40% de los suelos cultivables del planeta, aumentando la dependencia de los fertilizantes minerales. En este contexto, la valorización de residuos agrícolas para utilizarlos como sustratos o suplementos del suelo se propone como alternativa, creando además una solución a la generación masiva de residuos orgánicos agro-ganaderos. Este trabajo muestra las propiedades físicas de interés agrnómico y la composición (macro y micronutrientes) de biochars, composts y cenizas producidas a partir de restos vegetales de las agroindustrias olivadera y des arroz, y los efectos de su aplicación a los suelos calcáreos (Xerochrept y Luvisol) bajo condiciones de clima mediterraneo. Las enmiendas mostraron atributos apropiados para mejorar las propiedades agronómicas del suelo. El biochar mostró una alta aromaticidad y abundancia de C orgánico estable. Las enmiendas ricas en ceniza mostraron altos contenidos en P y K y micronutrientes. El compost presento una elevada capacidad de retención de agua y un adecuado balance de C y N. Todas las enmiendas orgánicas redujeron la hidrofobicidad del suelo. La aplicación de biochar consiguió aunmentar la humedad del suelo en los primeros 10 cm y reducir su compactación, los que se evidencio por la reducción significativa de la resistencia del suelo a la penetrabilidad. Las plantas de las parcelas enmendadas mostraron un mejor potencial hídrico foliar. Además, los valores de la tasa de fotosíntesis neta, la eficiencia media de uso del agua intrínseca y la tasa máxima del transporte de electrones en el momento de la cosecha mejoraron significativamente en los árboles de las parcelas enmendadas con una dosis de biochar de 40 t ha-1. En relación al ciclo de C, la adición de compost incrementó de manera significativa la respiración (emisión de CO2) y la cantidad de C procedente de microorganismos. El uso de biochar por su parte, incrementó el contenido en materia orgánica estable en los primeros 5 cm de suelo y redujo la abundancia total de microorganismos 2 años después de su aplicación.Al Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación y a la Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) por la financiación del proyecto AGRORES (PID2021-1263490B-C22).N

Effectiveness and Safety of the Sequential Use of a Second and Third Anti-TNF Agent in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results from the Eneida Registry

Background: The effectiveness of the switch to another anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) agent is not known. The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness and safety of treatment with a second and third anti-TNF drug after intolerance to or failure of a previous anti-TNF agent in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Methods: We included patients diagnosed with IBD from the ENEIDA registry who received another anti-TNF after intolerance to or failure of a prior anti-TNF agent. Results: A total of 1122 patients were included. In the short term, remission was achieved in 55% of the patients with the second anti-TNF. The incidence of loss of response was 19% per patient-year with the second anti-TNF. Combination therapy (hazard ratio [HR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-3; P < 0.0001) and ulcerative colitis vs Crohn''s disease (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.1; P = 0.005) were associated with a higher probability of loss of response. Fifteen percent of the patients had adverse events, and 10% had to discontinue the second anti-TNF. Of the 71 patients who received a third anti-TNF, 55% achieved remission. The incidence of loss of response was 22% per patient-year with a third anti-TNF. Adverse events occurred in 7 patients (11%), but only 1 stopped the drug. Conclusions: Approximately half of the patients who received a second anti-TNF achieved remission; nevertheless, a significant proportion of them subsequently lost response. Combination therapy and type of IBD were associated with loss of response. Remission was achieved in almost 50% of patients who received a third anti-TNF; nevertheless, a significant proportion of them subsequently lost response

Scientific output on transsexuality in the Spanish biomedical literature: Bibliometric and content analysis (1973-2011)

Objetivo: Explorar la evolución del conocimiento científico sobre transexualidad durante los últimos 40 años, a través de un análisis bibliométrico y de contenido de la producción de la literatura biomédica española sobre la transexualidad entre los años 1973 y 2011. Método: Descriptivo y transversal. Universo: artículos biomédicos españoles sobre transexualidad publicados entre 1973 y 2011. Fuente: ÍndiceMédico Español e ISOC-Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades. Análisis: bibliométrico y de contenido de las publicaciones biomédicas. Resultados: 65 artículos biomédicos analizados. Entre 1973 y 1984, en España, el conocimiento sobre transexualidad se produce y circula en revistas médicas. En 1996 se inicia una década de gran productividad, y en los años siguientes el número de revistas que publican sobre transexualidad se multiplica. Hasta 2006, año de mayor productividad biomédica, los discursos biomédicos reproducen representaciones de la transexualidad ancladas en el determinismo biológico. En el período 2008-2011, los y las profesionales incorporan teorías feministas y perspectivas sociales en sus discursos. Conclusiones: En el último cuarto del siglo xx, el discurso médico dominante ha considerado las manifestaciones de las personas transexuales desde una perspectiva biologicista que concibe la transexualidad como un error de correspondencia sexo/género. En los últimos años, la aparición de nuevas categorías de identidad y la reflexión desde posturas no esencialistas y normativas del género favorece la gestión clínica de la transexualidad.Objective: To explore the scientific output on transsexuality in the Spanish biomedical literature between 1973 and 2011, through bibliometric and content analyses. Methods: We carried out a descriptive, cross-sectional study of Spanish biomedical articles on transsexuality published between 1973 and 2011. The data sources consisted of Índice Médico Español and ISOC-Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades. Bibliometric and content analyses were performed. Results: A total of 65 papers were analyzed. Knowledge on transsexuality in Spain began to appear in medical journals between 1973 and 1984. A decade of intense productivity began in 1996 and the number of journals publishing articles on transsexuality multiplied in the following years. Until 2006, the year with the most biomedical productivity, biomedical discourses reproduced representations of transsexuality anchored in biological determinism. From 2008-2011, professionals writing on the topic incorporated feminist theories and social perspectives in their discourses. Conclusions: In the last quarter of the twentieth century, the dominant medical discourse considered manifestations of transsexual people from a biologist perspective that conceives transsexuality as a configuration mismatch between sex and gender. The emergence of new identity categories and medical reflection from non-essentialist and non-normative gender perspectives has improved the clinical management of transsexuality

Effectiveness and Safety of the Sequential Use of a Second and Third Anti-TNF Agent in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results From the Eneida Registry

Background: The effectiveness of the switch to another anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) agent is not known. The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness and safety of treatment with a second and third anti-TNF drug after intolerance to or failure of a previous anti-TNF agent in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Methods: We included patients diagnosed with IBD from the ENEIDA registry who received another anti-TNF after intolerance to or failure of a prior anti-TNF agent. Results: A total of 1122 patients were included. In the short term, remission was achieved in 55% of the patients with the second anti-TNF. The incidence of loss of response was 19% per patient-year with the second anti-TNF. Combination therapy (hazard ratio [HR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-3; P < 0.0001) and ulcerative colitis vs Crohn's disease (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.1; P = 0.005) were associated with a higher probability of loss of response. Fifteen percent of the patients had adverse events, and 10% had to discontinue the second anti-TNF. Of the 71 patients who received a third anti-TNF, 55% achieved remission. The incidence of loss of response was 22% per patient-year with a third anti-TNF. Adverse events occurred in 7 patients (11%), but only 1 stopped the drug. Conclusions: Approximately half of the patients who received a second anti-TNF achieved remission; nevertheless, a significant proportion of them subsequently lost response. Combination therapy and type of IBD were associated with loss of response. Remission was achieved in almost 50% of patients who received a third anti-TNF; nevertheless, a significant proportion of them subsequently lost response