Planeamiento digital, la primera pieza de una ciudad virtual de mantenimiento distribuido

En los últimos años se han planteado en España diversos sistemas para traducir el Planeamiento urbano a un sistema digital, (Extremadura, Castilla y León, Canarias…). En el presente trabajo se exponen las características principales que definen la propuesta de planeamiento digital establecida en el programa “Impulso del Urbanismo en Red” del Ministerio de Industria, cuya arquitectura ha sido definida por el autor de esta ponencia y que se resumen en: * La definición de una estructura de información encapsulable en un fichero GML capaz de contener cualquier plan independientemente de su origen, complejidad o función y que sea susceptible de asociarle códigos de seguridad que garanticen su inviolabilidad (firma electrónica). A tal efecto se establece un modelo de datos que contiene los componentes básicos de los planes y las relaciones entre ellos en un lenguaje de “operación” entre planes que permitan obtener un refundido mediante un mecanismo de computación automatizable. * La especificación y desarrollo de las herramientas de diseño de Planeamiento que faciliten a los equipos redactores construir planes digitales que cumplan la estructura digital establecida. * La formación de Registros administrativos de planeamiento digital, que controlan la situación del planeamiento mediante operaciones de inscripción, que son responsables de la publicidad del planeamiento y que incluyen funciones de validación, inscripción y refundido de los planes en sistemas de información territoriales que garanticen la vinculación jurídica no solo de los planes como piezas individuales sino también del refundido digital. * La especificación y desarrollo de las herramientas de control, validación y refundido que permitan mantener los registros de planeamiento digital por parte de las administraciones competentes. * La definición normalizada de los sistemas y lenguajes de visualización gráfica y acceso a la normativa que permitan utilizar Internet como canal único de acceso al Planeamiento y de obtención de planeamiento vinculante digital. * La especificación y desarrollo de las herramientas informáticas de explotación y consulta digital mediante servicios WMS, WFS y XML estándar. * La definición de estilos de representación consensuados y estables que faciliten la legibilidad del planeamiento independientemente de su productor, de su ámbito de aplicación o de la legislación de base en la que se apoye. La definición de un marco legislativo urbanístico estatal, regional y municipal que contemple estos sistemas de planeamiento digital vinculante. * El establecimiento de las bases para la normalización de conceptos urbanísticos que faciliten la integración del planeamiento en los niveles municipal, regional y estatal y los mecanismos de agregación y reutilización desde los niveles de más detalle a los menos. * La mejora de los procesos de tramitación del planeamiento, convirtiendo todo el ciclo de vida del plan en digital, asegurando su carácter participativo, dando valor jurídico a los sistemas de notificación basados en técnicas electrónicas, construyendo los sistemas de acceso universal a los planes mediante Internet que permitan consultar el plan y presentar sugerencias y alegaciones, con las siguientes condiciones: que el plan a consultar corresponda exactamente con el plan aprobado, que la información disponible corresponda a la totalidad del plan, que el sistema de representación y navegación esté construido de tal forma que permita acceder fácilmente a toda la información disponible y, finalmente, construyendo sistemas de análisis y validación de la calidad de los planes, como ayuda al informe técnico preceptivo para su aprobación. La ponencia presenta una solución que cumple todas estas condiciones y que se postula como un posible estándar para la sistematización y digitalización del Planeamiento Urbano, como fase inicial para la incorporación de los procesos de gestión y ejecución urbanas hasta configurar un sistema de gestión integral de la información territorial.Recently in Spain have emerged several technologies to convert urban planning into a digital system (Extremadura, Castilla y León, Canary Islands…). In this document are set out the main features that describe the proposal of digital urban planning included in the program “Impulso del Urbanismo en Red” started by the Ministry of Industry of Spain, whose computing architecture has been designed by the author of this paper and summarized in the following items: * Definition of an information structure incorporated in a GML file capable to contain any plan regardless of their origin, complexity or duty and to be able to associate security codes to ensure their inviolability (electronic signature). For such purpose is established a data model which contains the main components and the relationships between them in a language of “operation” among several plans in order to achieve an adapted plan through a computing automated mechanism. * Specification and development of all the drawing tools for urban planning in order to make easier the duty of urban planning editors to make digital plans with a digital structure established. * Creation of official registries for urban planning to control the state of those documents by registration tasks. These registries are responsible of publishing the plans, and include validation, registration and adaptation of urban planning in regional information systems that ensure legal effectiveness not only for the separated plan but also the final adapted plan. * Developing tools to control, to validate and to adapt the plans in order to keep maintained the digital registries by the relevant authorities. * Standardize definition of systems and languages for graphic viewing and provide the access to the legal documents of urban planning and for using Internet as the only access channel to these documents and a way to obtain digital planning with total legal effectiveness. * Specification and development of computing tools to provide consulting services through standard WMS, WFS and XML services. Reach a consensus in the definition of stable drawing styles that facilitates legibility of urban planning regardless of producer, range or legal documents that supports them. * Definition of a city planning legal framework (state, regional) that consider these digital planning systems. * Establishment of the basis for standardization developments of urban planning concepts that facilitate its integration in the different state or regional levels and set all the mechanisms of aggregation and reuse of these levels gradually. * Improving the stages of official processes in urban planning, making the entire life cycle of digital plan ensuring its participative role, giving legal status to the reported systems based on digital techniques, building universal access systems through Internet to consult, suggest and complain with the following conditions: the consulted plan must correspond to the approved one; the information available must correspond to the whole plan; consulting and navigation system shall become so simple that allows easy access to all the information; finally, analysis and validation systems must be designed to verify the quality of the plans as an assistance to the legal report for approval. This document sets out a solution that comply all these conditions and it stands as a possible standard for urban planning systematization and digitization, as first stage for adding management and building processes in order to make a whole territorial information systemPeer Reviewe

Plataforma colaborativa global para identificación y medición de espacios objeto de mejora en el marco de la Agenda 20/30

The lack of technical or human resources present in most of the world's municipalities prevents the creation and access to spatial information. Collaborative processes have shown that they are capable of mapping the world with sufficient precision. But it is not enough to describe the physical structure of the territory, the roads, or the buildings, it is also necessary to obtain information on the living conditions of its inhabitants and on the state of its development. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) are influencing decision-making in many governments through demographic and economic statistical techniques, but they do not measure or spatially locate the problems. OSDGM is proposed as a collaborative and open system to identify, delimit and measure the spaces where the living conditions and development of its inhabitants must be improved. Keywords: SGG, participatory processes, OpenGIS .En la mayoría de los municipios del mundo no es posible crear y obtener información espacial por la inexistencia de medios técnicos o humanos. Sin embargo, la colaboración ha demostrado que es capaz de cartografiar el mundo con la suficiente precisión y actualización. Pero no basta con describir la estructura física del territorio, las vías o los edificios, es necesario además obtener información sobre las condiciones de vida de sus habitantes y sobre el estado de su desarrollo. Los SGD/ODS Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible están incidiendo profundamente en muchos gobiernos para mejorar esas condiciones de vida y de desarrollo, y lo hacen mediante estadísticas demográficas y económicas, pero no miden ni localizan espacialmente los problemas. OSDGM se propone como un sistema colaborativo y abierto, para identificar, delimitar y medir los espacios donde las condiciones de vida y desarrollo de sus habitantes deben ser objeto de mejora. Palabras clave: ODS, procesos participativos , OpenGIS, .Peer Reviewe

MAPA URBANÍSTICO DE ESPAÑA. Geoportal de servicios abiertos de mapas de urbanismo publicados en España

Geographic information systems (GIS) are increasingly necessary. The Land and Urban Rehabilitation Law requires the publication of urban data digitally. To date, most of the 8,000 Spanish municipalities comply with the Law by publishing their urban plans in PDF format, but very few publish urban data using interactive systems, despite the fact that most Communities have Technical Standards that require plans digital. The Urban Map of Spain is a Geoportal with a catalog of planning WEB services to display, on a continuous map, information from neighboring administrations, or superimpose maps of institutions that share a territory, applying transparencies, divided screens or curtains, in order to be able to compare them. This highlights the lack of homogeneity in the information published, the low percentage of municipalities that do so, and the need to implement common criteria to obtain verifiable information. Keywords: Digital territory, web maps, web catalog, GIS.Los SIG han ganado protagonismo en las últimas décadas. La Ley de Suelo y Rehabilitación Urbana obliga a publicar los datos urbanísticos de forma digital. Hasta el momento, la mayoría de los 8.000 municipios españoles cumple la Ley publicando sus planes urbanísticos en formato PDF, pero son muy pocos los que publican datos urbanísticos utilizando sistemas interactivos, a pesar de que la mayoría de las Comunidades tienen Normas Técnicas que exigen planes digitales. El Mapa urbanístico de España es un Geoportal con un catálogo de servicios WEB de planeamiento para visualizar, en un mapa continuo, informaciones procedentes de administraciones colindantes, o superponer mapas de instituciones que comparten un territorio, aplicando transparencias, pantallas divididas o cortinillas, para poder compararlos. Con ello pone de manifiesto la falta de homogeneidad en la información publicada, el bajo porcentaje de municipios que lo hacen y la necesidad de implementar criterios comunes para lograr información contrastable. Palabras clave: territorio digital, mapas web, catálogo web, GIS.Peer Reviewe

Planeamiento digital, la primera pieza de una ciudad virtual de mantenimiento distribuido

En los últimos años se han planteado en España diversos sistemas para traducir el Planeamiento urbano a un sistema digital, (Extremadura, Castilla y León, Canarias…). En el presente trabajo se exponen las características principales que definen la propuesta de planeamiento digital establecida en el programa “Impulso del Urbanismo en Red” del Ministerio de Industria, cuya arquitectura ha sido definida por el autor de esta ponencia y que se resumen en: * La definición de una estructura de información encapsulable en un fichero GML capaz de contener cualquier plan independientemente de su origen, complejidad o función y que sea susceptible de asociarle códigos de seguridad que garanticen su inviolabilidad (firma electrónica). A tal efecto se establece un modelo de datos que contiene los componentes básicos de los planes y las relaciones entre ellos en un lenguaje de “operación” entre planes que permitan obtener un refundido mediante un mecanismo de computación automatizable. * La especificación y desarrollo de las herramientas de diseño de Planeamiento que faciliten a los equipos redactores construir planes digitales que cumplan la estructura digital establecida. * La formación de Registros administrativos de planeamiento digital, que controlan la situación del planeamiento mediante operaciones de inscripción, que son responsables de la publicidad del planeamiento y que incluyen funciones de validación, inscripción y refundido de los planes en sistemas de información territoriales que garanticen la vinculación jurídica no solo de los planes como piezas individuales sino también del refundido digital. * La especificación y desarrollo de las herramientas de control, validación y refundido que permitan mantener los registros de planeamiento digital por parte de las administraciones competentes. * La definición normalizada de los sistemas y lenguajes de visualización gráfica y acceso a la normativa que permitan utilizar Internet como canal único de acceso al Planeamiento y de obtención de planeamiento vinculante digital. * La especificación y desarrollo de las herramientas informáticas de explotación y consulta digital mediante servicios WMS, WFS y XML estándar. * La definición de estilos de representación consensuados y estables que faciliten la legibilidad del planeamiento independientemente de su productor, de su ámbito de aplicación o de la legislación de base en la que se apoye. La definición de un marco legislativo urbanístico estatal, regional y municipal que contemple estos sistemas de planeamiento digital vinculante. * El establecimiento de las bases para la normalización de conceptos urbanísticos que faciliten la integración del planeamiento en los niveles municipal, regional y estatal y los mecanismos de agregación y reutilización desde los niveles de más detalle a los menos. * La mejora de los procesos de tramitación del planeamiento, convirtiendo todo el ciclo de vida del plan en digital, asegurando su carácter participativo, dando valor jurídico a los sistemas de notificación basados en técnicas electrónicas, construyendo los sistemas de acceso universal a los planes mediante Internet que permitan consultar el plan y presentar sugerencias y alegaciones, con las siguientes condiciones: que el plan a consultar corresponda exactamente con el plan aprobado, que la información disponible corresponda a la totalidad del plan, que el sistema de representación y navegación esté construido de tal forma que permita acceder fácilmente a toda la información disponible y, finalmente, construyendo sistemas de análisis y validación de la calidad de los planes, como ayuda al informe técnico preceptivo para su aprobación. La ponencia presenta una solución que cumple todas estas condiciones y que se postula como un posible estándar para la sistematización y digitalización del Planeamiento Urbano, como fase inicial para la incorporación de los procesos de gestión y ejecución urbanas hasta configurar un sistema de gestión integral de la información territorial.Recently in Spain have emerged several technologies to convert urban planning into a digital system (Extremadura, Castilla y León, Canary Islands…). In this document are set out the main features that describe the proposal of digital urban planning included in the program “Impulso del Urbanismo en Red” started by the Ministry of Industry of Spain, whose computing architecture has been designed by the author of this paper and summarized in the following items: * Definition of an information structure incorporated in a GML file capable to contain any plan regardless of their origin, complexity or duty and to be able to associate security codes to ensure their inviolability (electronic signature). For such purpose is established a data model which contains the main components and the relationships between them in a language of “operation” among several plans in order to achieve an adapted plan through a computing automated mechanism. * Specification and development of all the drawing tools for urban planning in order to make easier the duty of urban planning editors to make digital plans with a digital structure established. * Creation of official registries for urban planning to control the state of those documents by registration tasks. These registries are responsible of publishing the plans, and include validation, registration and adaptation of urban planning in regional information systems that ensure legal effectiveness not only for the separated plan but also the final adapted plan. * Developing tools to control, to validate and to adapt the plans in order to keep maintained the digital registries by the relevant authorities. * Standardize definition of systems and languages for graphic viewing and provide the access to the legal documents of urban planning and for using Internet as the only access channel to these documents and a way to obtain digital planning with total legal effectiveness. * Specification and development of computing tools to provide consulting services through standard WMS, WFS and XML services. Reach a consensus in the definition of stable drawing styles that facilitates legibility of urban planning regardless of producer, range or legal documents that supports them. * Definition of a city planning legal framework (state, regional) that consider these digital planning systems. * Establishment of the basis for standardization developments of urban planning concepts that facilitate its integration in the different state or regional levels and set all the mechanisms of aggregation and reuse of these levels gradually. * Improving the stages of official processes in urban planning, making the entire life cycle of digital plan ensuring its participative role, giving legal status to the reported systems based on digital techniques, building universal access systems through Internet to consult, suggest and complain with the following conditions: the consulted plan must correspond to the approved one; the information available must correspond to the whole plan; consulting and navigation system shall become so simple that allows easy access to all the information; finally, analysis and validation systems must be designed to verify the quality of the plans as an assistance to the legal report for approval. This document sets out a solution that comply all these conditions and it stands as a possible standard for urban planning systematization and digitization, as first stage for adding management and building processes in order to make a whole territorial information systemPeer Reviewe

Interaction of silver atomic quantum clusters with living organisms: bactericidal effect of Ag3 clusters mediated by disruption of topoisomerase–DNA complexes

Essential processes for living cells such as transcription and replication depend on the formation of specific protein–DNA recognition complexes. Proper formation of such complexes requires suitable fitting between the protein surface and the DNA surface. By adopting doxorubicin (DOX) as a model probe, we report here that Ag3 atomic quantum clusters (Ag-AQCs) inhibit the intercalation of DOX into DNA and have considerable influence on the interaction of DNA-binding proteins such as topoisomerase IV, Escherichia coli DNA gyrase and the restriction enzyme HindIII. Ag-AQCs at nanomolar concentrations inhibit enzyme activity. The inhibitory effect of Ag-AQCs is dose-dependent and occurs by intercalation into DNA. All these effects, not observed in the presence of Ag+ ions, can explain the powerful bactericidal activity of Ag-AQCs, extending the knowledge of silver bactericidal properties. Lastly, we highlight the interest of the interaction of Ag clusters with living organisms, an area that should be further explored due to the potential consequences that it might have, both beneficial and harmful.This work was supported by Obra Social“la Caixa” (OSLC-2012-007), European Commission through FEDER program (0681 InveNNta 1 E); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain (MAT2010-20442, MAT2011-28673-C02-01); MINECO, Spain (MAT2012-36754-C02-01 and CTQ2014-58812-C2-2-R), Xunta de Galicia, Spain (GRC2013-044, FEDER Funds). C. P.-A. is grateful for the FPU grant from Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports, Madrid, Spain (FPU13/00180)S

Viability of Glycolysis for the Chemical Recycling of Highly Coloured and Multi-Layered Actual PET Wastes

The chemical recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) –PET– fractions, derived from actual household packaging waste streams, using solvolysis, was investigated. This recycling strategy was applied after a previous on-line automatic identification, by near-infrared spectroscopy –NIR–, and a subsequent selective sorting of the different PET materials that were present in the packaging wastes. Using this technology, it was possible to classify fractions exclusively including PET, virtually avoiding the presence of both other plastics and materials, such as paper, cardboard and wood, that are present in the packaging wastes, as they were efficiently recognised and differentiated. The simple PET fractions, including clear and monolayered materials, were adequate to be recycled by mechanical means meanwhile the complex PET fractions, containing highly coloured and multi-layered materials, were suitable candidates to be recycled by chemical routes. The depolymerisation capacity of the catalytic glycolysis, when applied to those complex PET wastes, was studied by evaluating the effect of the process parameters on the resulting formation and recovery of the monomer bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate –BHET– and the achieved quality of this reaction product. Comparable and reasonable results, in terms of monomer yield and its characteristics, were obtained independently of the type of complex PET waste that was chemically recycled.This research was funded by the Department of Economic Development, Sustainability and Environment of The Basque Government by its ELKARTEK 2023 Program (NEOPLAST 2 Project, Reference KK-2023/00060), and also by CDTI (Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial), within the framework of grants for Technological Centres of Excellence “Cervera” (OSIRIS Project, CER-20211009)

The Effect of Different Oxygen Surface Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes on the Electrical Resistivity and Strain Sensing Function of Cement Pastes

Different studies in the literature indicate the effectiveness of CNTs as reinforcing materials in cement–matrix composites due to their high mechanical strength. Nevertheless, their incorporation into cement presents some difficulties due to their tendency to agglomerate, yielding a non-homogeneous dispersion in the paste mix that results in a poor cement–CNTs interaction. This makes the surface modification of the CNTs by introducing functional groups on the surface necessary. In this study, three different treatments for incorporating polar oxygen functional groups onto the surface of carbon nanotubes have been carried out, with the objective of evaluating the influence of the type and oxidation degree on the mechanical and electrical properties and in strain-sensing function of cement pastes containing CNTs. One treatment is in liquid phase (surface oxidation with HNO3/H2SO4), the second is in gas phase (O3 treatment at 25 and 160 °C), and a third is a combination of gas-phase O3 treatment plus NaOH liquid phase. The electrical conductivity of cement pastes increased with O3- and O3-NaOH-treated CNTs with respect to non-treated ones. Furthermore, the oxygen functionalization treatments clearly improve the strain sensing performance of the CNT-cement pastes, particularly in terms of the accuracy of the linear correlation between the resistance and the stress, as well as the increase in the gage factor from 28 to 65. Additionally, the incorporation of either non-functionalized or functionalized CNTs did not produce any significant modification of the mechanical properties of CNTs. Therefore, the functionalization of CNTs favours the de-agglomeration of CNTs in the cement matrix and consequently, the electrical conductivity, without affecting the mechanical behaviour.This research was funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, grant number 760940

Chemical recycling of monolayer PET tray waste by alkaline hydrolysis

The high demand for recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) driven by an increase in environmental awareness, the application of more restrictive environmental legislations, together with the large increase in the generation of post-consumer PET plastic waste, has resulted in an urgent need for efficient recycling processes. In this work, alkaline hydrolysis is presented as a promising chemical recycling alternative for PET tray waste. PET depolymerization reactions were carried out under mild conditions (80–100 ºC and atmospheric pressure) using tributylhexadecylphosphonium bromide quaternary salt (TBHDPB) as catalyst. Several operating variables were studied based on PET conversion and terephthalic acid (TPA) yield criteria: (i) catalyst mass ratio of TBHDPB to PET (0–0.2); (ii) particle size (0.5–10 mm); (iii) stirring rate (350–700 rpm); and, (iv) temperature (80–100 ◦C). A good compromise between PET conversion (99.9%) and TPA yield (93.5%) was established after 4 h of reaction, under the following operating conditions: TBHDPB:PET catalyst ratio, 0.2; 100 ◦C; particle size, 1–1.4 mm; and, stirring rate, 525 rpm. In addition, the experimental kinetic data correctly fits to the proposed shrinking core model. Activation energy values of 60 and 57.4 kJ mol-1 were established for the non-catalyzed and catalyzed reactions, respectively, which implies that TBHDPB catalyst does not apparently modify the reaction mechanism.Basque Government by its ELKARTEK 2020 Program (NEOPLAST Project, Reference KK-2020/00107), CDTI (Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial) (OSIRIS Project, CER-20211009)

A survey of biosecurity measures and serological status for bovine viral diarrhoea virus and bovine herpesvirus 1 on dairy cattle farms in north-west and north-east Spain

Biosecurity is a key measure to reduce and prevent the introduction of diseases to farms and minimise spread of diseases within a herd. The aim of the study was to characterise the current application of biosecurity measures on dairy cattle farms in Spain along with their bovine viral diarrhoea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis status. Data on biosecurity measures for 124 dairy herds were collected using a questionnaire. The sanitary status of these farms for bovine viral diarrhoea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis was also assessed using antibody ELISA. Data were analysed using multiple correspondence analysis and a two-step cluster analysis. Three main clusters of farms were identified: clusters 1 and 2 included herds of small and intermediate sizes. These, particularly cluster 1, showed the most deficiencies in the control of vehicles and visitors. However, laboratory tests were always performed on purchased animals. Cluster 3 had the largest herd sizes, with somewhat better biosecurity control of vehicles and visitors. However, farms in this cluster also purchased the most animals, sometimes without testing, and hired external workers more often. The study indicated that, in the study population, there are serious shortcomings in the application of biosecurity measures on dairy farms, exposing them to disease transmission. This survey also highlights regional and herd size-related differences in the implementation of biosecurity. Collecting data is an important first step to identification of specific weaknesses in different farm typologies, and an adequate follow-up is needed to ensure that measures are implemented correctly on farms

Mapping the scientific structure of organization and management of enterprises using complex networks

Understanding the scientific and social structure of a discipline is a fundamental aspect for scientific evaluation processes, identifying trends and niches, and balancing the trade-off between exploitation and exploration in research. In the present contribution, the production of doctoral theses is used as a proxy to analyze the scientific structure of the knowledge area of business organization in Spain. To that end, a complex networks approach is selected, and two different networks are built: (i) the social network of co-participation in thesis examining committees and thesis supervision, and (ii) a bipartite network of theses and thesis descriptors. The former has a modular structure that is partially explained by thematic specialization in different subdisciplines. The latter serves to assess the interdisciplinary structure of the discipline, as it enables the characterization of affinity levels between fields, research poles and thematic clusters. Our results have implications for the scientific evaluation and formal definition of related fields.Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (RED2018-102518-T), the Spanish State Research Agency (PID2020-118906GB-I00 and PID2020-119894GB-I00 via AEI/10.13039/501100011033), the Junta de Castilla y León – Consejería de Educación (BU055P20), Fundación La Caixa (2020/00062/001) and from NVIDIA Corporation and its donation of the TITAN Xp GPUs that facilitated this research. This work was partially supported by the European Social Fund, as the authors José Miguel Ramírez-Sanz, José Luis Garrido-Labrador and Alicia Olivares-Gil are the recipient of a predoctoral grant from the Department of Education of Junta de Castilla y León (VA) (ORDEN EDU/875/2021). In addition, this work was also partially supported by the Generalitat Valenciana via its Conselleria de Innovación, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital, as Adrián Arnaiz is recipicient of a predoctoral grant