Effect of RME and headgear treatment on the eruption of palatally displaced canines: a randomized clinical study.

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment finalized on the maintenance/ improvement the upper arch perimeter to assist in the successful eruption of palatally displaced maxillary canines (PDCs). Materials and Methods: The randomized prospective design comprised 64 subjects with PDCs who were randomly assigned to one of three groups: cervical pull headgear (HG); rapid maxillary expansion and cervical pull headgear (RME/HG); or untreated control group (CG). Panoramic radiographs and lateral cephalograms were evaluated at the time of initial observation (T1) and after an average period of 18 months (T2). At T2 the success of canine eruption was evaluated. A superimposition study on lateral cephalograms was undertaken to evaluate the T1–T2 changes in the sagittal position of the upper molars in the three groups. Results: The prevalence of successful eruption was 85.7% in the RME/HG group and 82.3% in the HG group. Both these prevalence rates were significantly greater than the success rate in untreated control subjects (36%). The cephalometric superimposition study showed a significant mesial movement of the upper first molars in the CG compared with the HG and RME/HG groups. Conclusions: The use of rapid maxillary expansion and headgear (or headgear alone) in PDC cases increases the success rate of eruption of the canine significantly (almost three times more than in untreated controls). (Angle Orthod. 2011;81:370–374.

Peningkatan Kualitas Penyelenggaraan Pemilihan Umum Proporsional, Akuntabilitas dan Efektif melalui Sistem Pemilu Online dengan Autentikasi E-ktp

Pemilihan umum di Indonesia telah lama diberlakukan. Pada tahun 1955 merupakan pemilu pertama dalam sejarah kemerdekaan bangsa Indonesia. Kemudian dilanjutkan pada tahun 1971, 1997, 1999 dan 2004 serta tahun 2009. Meski demikian, pemilu tersebut kerap kali mengalami masalah yang mempengaruhi kualitas penyelenggaraan pemilihan umum itu sendiri seperti, sistem pemilu manual yang menggunakan surat suara dan kotak suara mampu menelan banyak biaya yang cukup besar hingga triliyunan rupiah. Jumlah angka golput yang terus meningkat dari tahun ketahun, berbagai kecurangan yang terjadi saat penyelenggaraan pemilu berlangsung terutama pada perhitungan suara. Melihat hal tersebut dan menyesuaikan perkembangan teknologi sekarang maka, penulis menawarkan solusi cerdas yaitu Peningkatan Kualitas Penyelenggaraan Pemilihan Umum Proporsional, Akuntabilitas dan Efektif melalui Sistem Pemilu Online dengan Autentikasi E-KTP.Kata Kunci: Proporsional, Akuntabilitas dan Efektif, Pemilu Online, Autentikasi e-KT

The Probability Distribution Function of Column Density in Molecular Clouds

(Abridged) We discuss the probability distribution function (PDF) of column density resulting from density fields with lognormal PDFs, applicable to isothermal gas (e.g., probably molecular clouds). We suggest that a ``decorrelation length'' can be defined as the distance over which the density auto-correlation function has decayed to, for example, 10% of its zero-lag value, so that the density ``events'' along a line of sight can be assumed to be independent over distances larger than this, and the Central Limit Theorem should be applicable. However, using random realizations of lognormal fields, we show that the convergence to a Gaussian is extremely slow in the high- density tail. Thus, the column density PDF is not expected to exhibit a unique functional shape, but to transit instead from a lognormal to a Gaussian form as the ratio $\eta$ of the column length to the decorrelation length increases. Simultaneously, the PDF's variance decreases. For intermediate values of $\eta$, the column density PDF assumes a nearly exponential decay. We then discuss the density power spectrum and the expected value of $\eta$ in actual molecular clouds. Observationally, our results suggest that $\eta$ may be inferred from the shape and width of the column density PDF in optically-thin-line or extinction studies. Our results should also hold for gas with finite-extent power-law underlying density PDFs, which should be characteristic of the diffuse, non-isothermal neutral medium (temperatures ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand degrees). Finally, we note that for $\eta \gtrsim 100$, the dynamic range in column density is small ($\lesssim$ a factor of 10), but this is only an averaging effect, with no implication on the dynamic range of the underlying density distribution.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures (10 postscript files). Accepted in ApJ. Eliminated implication that ratio of column length to correlation length necessarily increases with resolution, and thus that 3D simulations are unresolved. Added discussion of dependence of autocorrelation function with parameters of the turbulenc

The Statistics of Supersonic Isothermal Turbulence

We present results of large-scale three-dimensional simulations of supersonic Euler turbulence with the piecewise parabolic method and multiple grid resolutions up to 2048^3 points. Our numerical experiments describe non-magnetized driven turbulent flows with an isothermal equation of state and an rms Mach number of 6. We discuss numerical resolution issues and demonstrate convergence, in a statistical sense, of the inertial range dynamics in simulations on grids larger than 512^3 points. The simulations allowed us to measure the absolute velocity scaling exponents for the first time. The inertial range velocity scaling in this strongly compressible regime deviates substantially from the incompressible Kolmogorov laws. The slope of the velocity power spectrum, for instance, is -1.95 compared to -5/3 in the incompressible case. The exponent of the third-order velocity structure function is 1.28, while in incompressible turbulence it is known to be unity. We propose a natural extension of Kolmogorov's phenomenology that takes into account compressibility by mixing the velocity and density statistics and preserves the Kolmogorov scaling of the power spectrum and structure functions of the density-weighted velocity v=\rho^{1/3}u. The low-order statistics of v appear to be invariant with respect to changes in the Mach number. For instance, at Mach 6 the slope of the power spectrum of v is -1.69, and the exponent of the third-order structure function of v is unity. We also directly measure the mass dimension of the "fractal" density distribution in the inertial subrange, D_m = 2.4, which is similar to the observed fractal dimension of molecular clouds and agrees well with the cascade phenomenology.Comment: 15 pages, 19 figures, ApJ v665, n2, 200

Kerangka Konseptual Pengembangan Sistem Informasi Cerdas Agribisnis (SICA) di Indonesia Berbasis Prediksi Iklim

Sebagai negara agraris, Indonesia memiliki potensi besar di pasar pertanian. Di sisi lain, pengaruh iklim terhadap pola pertanian di Indonesia sangat signifikan. Dengan dukungan sistem pendukung keputusan dalam kalender tanam berbasis prediksi iklim, petani dapat menghasilkan panen dengan baik karena mempertimbangkan pola iklim dalam strategi tanamnya. Tetapi di sisi lain, dengan petani mengetahui waktu terbaik untuk menanam tanaman, maka permintaan benih, pestisida, air, dan pasokan pupuk menjadi sangat tinggi dan tidak bisa dipenuhi sepenuhnya karena pasar tidak punya waktu dalam mempersiapkan semua kebutuhan petani tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan kerangka kerja konseptual untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pasar untuk mengetahui permintaan petani pada waktu tertentu untuk mempersiapkan pasokan di wilayah tertentu dengan sudah dikembangkannya Sistem Informasi Cerdas Agribisnis (SICA) dalam platform website dan android. Sistem dirancang untuk mengintegrasikan kalender penanaman tanaman berbasis prediksi iklim dengan penawaran dan permintaan kebutuhan petani dalam aktivitas tanam. Selanjutnya, dengan menggunakan sistem ini, petani dapat mengetahui harga dan permintaan terbaik dari pasar untuk produksi tanaman mereka

Modification of turbulent dissipation rates by a deep Southern Ocean eddy

The impact of a mesoscale eddy on the magnitude and spatial distribution of diapycnal ocean mixing is investigated using a set of hydrographic and microstructure measurements collected in the Southern Ocean. These data sampled a baroclinic, mid-depth eddy formed during the disintegration of a deep boundary current. Turbulent dissipation is suppressed within the eddy, but is elevated by up to an order of magnitude along the upper and lower eddy boundaries. A ray-tracing approximation is employed asa heuristic device to elucidate how the internal wave field evolves in the ambient velocity and stratification conditions accompanying the eddy. These calculations are consistent with the observations, suggesting reflection of internal wave energy from the eddy center and enhanced breaking through critical layer processes along the eddy boundaries. These results have important implications for understanding where and how internal wave energy is dissipated in the presence of energetic deep geostrophic flows