Status and Trends of Physical Activity Surveillance, Policy, and Research in 164 Countries: Findings From the Global Observatory for Physical Activity—GoPA! 2015 and 2020 Surveys

Background: Physical activity (PA) surveillance, policy, and research efforts need to be periodically appraised to gain insight into national and global capacities for PA promotion. The aim of this paper was to assess the status and trends in PA surveillance, policy, and research in 164 countries. Methods: We used data from the Global Observatory for Physical Activity (GoPA!) 2015 and 2020 surveys. Comprehensive searches were performed for each country to determine the level of development of their PA surveillance, policy, and research, and the findings were verified by the GoPA! Country Contacts. Trends were analyzed based on the data available for both survey years. Results: The global 5-year progress in all 3 indicators was modest, with most countries either improving or staying at the same level. PA surveillance, policy, and research improved or remained at a high level in 48.1%, 40.6%, and 42.1% of the countries, respectively. PA surveillance, policy, and research scores decreased or remained at a low level in 8.3%, 15.8%, and 28.6% of the countries, respectively. The highest capacity for PA promotion was found in Europe, the lowest in Africa and low- and lower-middle-income countries. Although a large percentage of the world’s population benefit from at least some PA policy, surveillance, and research efforts in their countries, 49.6 million people are without PA surveillance, 629.4 million people are without PA policy, and 108.7 million live in countries without any PA research output. A total of 6.3 billion people or 88.2% of the world’s population live in countries where PA promotion capacity should be significantly improved. Conclusion: Despite PA is essential for health, there are large inequalities between countries and world regions in their capacity to promote PA. Coordinated efforts are needed to reduce the inequalities and improve the global capacity for PA promotion

Population health status of the republic of kazakhstan: Trends and implications for public health policy

The Republic of Kazakhstan began undergoing a political, economic, and social transition after 1991. Population health was declared an important element and was backed with a substantial commitment by the central government to health policy. We examine key trends in the population health status of the Republic of Kazakhstan and seek to understand them in relation to the ongoing political, economic, and social changes in society and its aspirations in health policy. We used the Global Burden of Disease database and toolkit to extract and analyze country-specific descriptive data for the Republic of Kazakhstan to assess life expectancy, child mortality, leading causes of mortality, disability-adjusted life years, and causes and number of years lived with disability. Life expectancy declined from 1990 to 1996 but has subsequently recovered. Ischemic heart disease, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease remain among the leading causes of death; child mortality for children under 5 years has declined; and cardiovascular risk factors account for the greatest cause of disability. Considering its socioeconomic development over the last two decades, Kazakhstan continues to lag behind OECD countries on leading health indictors despite substantial investments in public health policy. We identify seven strategic priorities to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the health care system

ПУТИ СНИЖЕНИЯ ВЛИЯНИЯ ФАКТОРОВ РИСКА НЕБЛАГОПОЛУЧНЫХ ИСХОДОВ ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗА У ВИЧ-ИНФИЦИРОВАННЫХ ПАЦИЕНТОВ

To define the main risk factors of the unfavorable outcomes of tuberculosis and to propose approaches to minimizing their impacton HIV patients.Materials and methods: To define the risk factors, 710 case histories of patients with TB and HIV were examined. Approaches to  minimizing the impact of the risk factors are worked out with  account of international guidelines concerning TB treatment in HIV patients.Results: The risk factors of unfavorable outcomes of TB in HIV patients are social, including alcoholism and having no family  (spouse), and medical, including living with HIV for three years or  longer, bacterioexcretion, drug resistance of the infectious agent, and CD4 cell counts below 200. The influences of these factors are modifiable and may be minimized upon optimization of preventive  interventions and reinforcement of epidemiological surveillance for  co-infected HIV patients.Conclusion: Timely identification of risk factors on unfavorable outcomes of TB in HIV patients and the implementation of the  proposed approaches to optimizing measures against TB will allow  avoiding unfavorable outcomes of TB in HIV patients.Цель: выявить основные факторы риска неблагополучных исходов туберкулеза и предложить пути минимизации их влияния на исход туберкулеза у ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов.Материалы и методы. Для определения факторов риска неблагополучных исходов  туберкулеза изучены 710 историй болезни пациентов с ТБ/ВИЧ. Для разработки комплекса мер, направленных на минимизацию влияния факторов риска неблагополучных  исходов туберкулеза у ВИЧ-инфицированных, учтены международные рекомендации по ведению туберкулеза у лиц, живущих с ВИЧ.Результаты. Факторами риска неблагополучных исходов туберкулеза у ВИЧ- инфицированных являются социальные: отсутствие семьи (супруга(-ги)/партнера) и  алкоголизм; медицинские: длительность ВИЧ-инфицирования от трех лет и больше, наличие бактериовыделения, лекарственная устойчивость возбудителя заболевания, количество  CD4-лимфоцитов — менее 200 клеток. Негативное влияние выявленных предикторов  неблагополучных исходов туберкулеза у ВИЧ-инфицированных носит управляемый характер и в значительной мере может быть минимизировано при оптимизации профилактических мероприятий и усилении мер эпидемиологического контроля за ВИЧ- инфицированными и пациентами с коинфекцией.Заключение. Своевременное определение у пациента риска возникновения неблагополучных исходов туберкулеза и внедрение рекомендованных путей оптимизации  противотуберкулезной помощи позволит избежать неблагополучных исходов туберкулеза у ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов.</p

Comprehensive health literacy in general populations - An international comparison

Pelikan J, Link T, Berens E-M, et al. Comprehensive health literacy in general populations - An international comparison. In: 16th World Congress on Public Health 2020. Public Health for the future of humanity: analysis, advocacy and action. European Journal of Public Health. Vol 30. Oxford: Oxford Univ Press; 2020: V49

Measuring health literacy in Asia: Validation of the HLS-EU-Q47 survey tool in six Asian countries

Background: Health literacy has been increasingly recognized as one of the most important social determinants for health. However, an appropriate and comprehensive assessment tool is not available in many Asian countries. This study validates a comprehensive health literacy survey tool European health literacy questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q47) for the general public in several Asian countries. Methods: A cross-sectional survey based on multistage random sampling in the target countries. A total of 10,024 participants aged ≥15 years were recruited during 2013e2014 in Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Taiwan, and Vietnam. The questionnaire was translated into local languages to measure general health literacy and its three domains. To evaluate the validity of the tool in these countries, data were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency analysis, and regression analysis. Results: The questionnaire was shown to have good construct validity, satisfactory goodness-of-fit of the data to the hypothetical model in three health literacy domains, high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha > 0.90), satisfactory item-scale convergent validity (item-scale correlation ≥0.40), and no floor/ ceiling effects in these countries. General health literacy index score was significantly associated with level of education (P from < 0.001 to 0.011) and perceived social status (P from < 0.001 to 0.016), with evidence of known-group validity. Conclusions: The HLS-EU-Q47 was a satisfactory and comprehensive health literacy survey tool for use in Asia

Status and Trends of Physical Activity Surveillance, Policy, and Research in 164 Countries: Findings From the Global Observatory for Physical Activity-GoPA! 2015 and 2020 Surveys.

Physical activity (PA) surveillance, policy, and research efforts need to be periodically appraised to gain insight into national and global capacities for PA promotion. The aim of this paper was to assess the status and trends in PA surveillance, policy, and research in 164 countries. We used data from the Global Observatory for Physical Activity (GoPA!) 2015 and 2020 surveys. Comprehensive searches were performed for each country to determine the level of development of their PA surveillance, policy, and research, and the findings were verified by the GoPA! Country Contacts. Trends were analyzed based on the data available for both survey years. The global 5-year progress in all 3 indicators was modest, with most countries either improving or staying at the same level. PA surveillance, policy, and research improved or remained at a high level in 48.1%, 40.6%, and 42.1% of the countries, respectively. PA surveillance, policy, and research scores decreased or remained at a low level in 8.3%, 15.8%, and 28.6% of the countries, respectively. The highest capacity for PA promotion was found in Europe, the lowest in Africa and low- and lower-middle-income countries. Although a large percentage of the world's population benefit from at least some PA policy, surveillance, and research efforts in their countries, 49.6 million people are without PA surveillance, 629.4 million people are without PA policy, and 108.7 million live in countries without any PA research output. A total of 6.3 billion people or 88.2% of the world's population live in countries where PA promotion capacity should be significantly improved. Despite PA is essential for health, there are large inequalities between countries and world regions in their capacity to promote PA. Coordinated efforts are needed to reduce the inequalities and improve the global capacity for PA promotion

Status and Trends of Physical Activity Surveillance, Policy, and Research in 164 Countries: Findings From the Global Observatory for Physical Activity—GoPA! 2015 and 2020 Surveys

Background: Physical activity (PA) surveillance, policy, and research efforts need to be periodically appraised to gain insight into national and global capacities for PA promotion. The aim of this paper was to assess the status and trends in PA surveillance, policy, and research in 164 countries. Methods: We used data from the Global Observatory for Physical Activity (GoPA!) 2015 and 2020 surveys. Comprehensive searches were performed for each country to determine the level of development of their PA surveillance, policy, and research, and the findings were verified by the GoPA! Country Contacts. Trends were analyzed based on the data available for both survey years. Results: The global 5-year progress in all 3 indicators was modest, with most countries either improving or staying at the same level. PA surveillance, policy, and research improved or remained at a high level in 48.1%, 40.6%, and 42.1% of the countries, respectively. PA surveillance, policy, and research scores decreased or remained at a low level in 8.3%, 15.8%, and 28.6% of the countries, respectively. The highest capacity for PA promotion was found in Europe, the lowest in Africa and low- and lower-middle-income countries. Although a large percentage of the world’s population benefit from at least some PA policy, surveillance, and research efforts in their countries, 49.6 million people are without PA surveillance, 629.4 million people are without PA policy, and 108.7 million live in countries without any PA research output. A total of 6.3 billion people or 88.2% of the world’s population live in countries where PA promotion capacity should be significantly improved. Conclusion: Despite PA is essential for health, there are large inequalities between countries and world regions in their capacity to promote PA. Coordinated efforts are needed to reduce the inequalities and improve the global capacity for PA promotion.</jats:p