Propuesta del límite funcional del humedal ventanas piloto Ciénaga de La Virgen, Paz de Ariporo y Ciénaga de Zapatosa con base en el análisis de vegetación

Este documento es resultado de la ejecución del contrato 15-13-014-005PS entre el Instituto Humboldt y Juan Carlos Arias Garcia, firmado en el marco del convenio 005 (13-014) entre el Instituto Humboldt y el Fondo Adaptación. Contiene la propuesta para la identificación del límite funcional de la ventana piloto de humedales ciénaga de La Virgen, Paz de Ariporo y ciénaga de Zapatosa con base en el análisis de vegetación.BogotáSubdirección de Servicios Científicos y Proyectos Especiale

Análisis comparativo de proyectos de aprovechamiento energético de residuos orgánicos biodegradables utilizando evaluación financiera

Los residuos sólidos urbanos son un creciente problema en las ciudades debido al fenómeno de la concentración urbana -- La generación desmedida de residuos, la mala gestión de estos (disposición en rellenos sanitarios o al aire libre), lo que causa, por falta de un adecuado tratamiento o aprovechamiento, una cantidad excesiva de metano que se va a la atmósfera y lixiviados que contaminan las aguas subterráneas, todo eso, producto de la descomposición -- Para empezar a mitigar este problema, se debe modificar la forma en la que se gestionan los residuos sólidos urbanos para que se conviertan en un recurso, no en un costo -- Lo anterior, se puede lograr implementando tecnologías de aprovechamiento energético entre otros, el compostaje, la biodigestión y la gasificación-pirólisis -- Por esto, en este proyecto de grado se diseñó un modelo de análisis comparativo de proyectos de aprovechamiento energético de residuos orgánicos biodegradables utilizando evaluación financiera, con el objetivo de contar con una herramienta que permitiera analizar y comparar diferentes tecnología

Post-combustion calcium looping process with a high stable sorbent activity by recarbonation

[EN] This paper presents a novel sorbent regeneration technique for post-combustion calcium looping CO2 capture systems. The advantage of this technique is that it can drastically reduce the consumption of limestone in the plant without affecting its efficiency and without the need for additional reagents. The method is based on the re-carbonation of carbonated particles circulating from the carbonator using pure CO2 obtained from the gas stream generated in the calciner. The aim is to maintain the CO2 carrying capacity of the sorbent close to optimum values for CaL post-combustion systems (around 0.2). This is achieved by placing a small regeneration reactor between the carbonator and the calciner. This reactor increases slightly the conversion of CaO to carbonate so that it exceeds the so-called maximum CO2 carrying capacity of the sorbent. This increase compensates for the loss of CO2 carrying capacity that the solids undergo in the next calcination-carbonation cycle. Two series of experiments carried out in a thermogravimetric analyzer over 100 cycles of carbonation-recarbonation-calcination show that the inclusion of this recarbonation step is responsible for an increase in the residual CO2 carrying capacity from 0.07 to 0.16. A conceptual design of the resulting capture system shows that a limestone make-up flow designed specifically for a CO2 capture system can approach zero, when the solid sorbents purged from the CaL system are re-used to desulfurize the flue gas in the existing power plant.We thank the European Commission for the financial support received through the “CaOling” Project, funded under the 7th Framework Programme.Peer reviewe

Oxy-fired fluidized bed combustors with a flexible power output using circulating solids for thermal energy storage

This paper presents a power plant concept based on an oxy-fired circulating fluidized bed combustor (oxy-CFBC) combined with thermal energy storage on a large scale. The concept exploits to full advantage the large circulation flows of high temperature solids that are characteristic of these systems. Two solid storage silos (one for high temperature and the other for low temperature solids) connected to the oxy-fired CFBC allow variability in power output without the need to modify the fuel firing rate and/or the mass flow of O2 to the combustor. During the periods of high power demand the system can deliver additional thermal power by extracting heat from a series of fluidized bed heat exchangers fed with solids from the high temperature silo. Likewise, during period of low power demand, the thermal power output can be reduced by using the energy released in the combustor to heat up the low temperature solids on their way from the low temperature silo to the oxy-CFBC and storing them in the high temperature silo located below the cyclone. A preliminary economic analysis of two designs indicates that this highly flexible system could make this type of power plant more competitive in the electricity markets where fossil fuels with CCS will be required to respond to a large variability in power output.Y.A. Criado thanks the Government of the Principality of Asturias for a Ph.D. fellowship (Severo Ochoa Program). B. Arias thanks the Spanish MINECO for the award of a Ramon y Cajal contract.Peer reviewe

Marketing deportivo

No presenta resumen

Organic geochemistry, lithofacies and gas shale reservoir potential of cretaceous outcrops from Alto de los Caballeros section, Eastern Cordillera Basin – Colombia

Significant layers of shale are exposed in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. These Upper Cretaceous rocks from La Frontera and Conejo Formations in the Chécua-Lenguazaque Syncline, between Ubaté, Carmen de Carupa and Sutatausa towns, were evaluated using geochemical and petrographic analysis to determine their potential as gas shale reservoirs. This structure presents promising characteristics for developing a gas shale reservoir due to its areal extension, the existence of a thick layer of marine cretaceous sequence, and a near location to industrial areas, such as the colombian andean region. In La Frontera and Conejo Formations, the result of outcrop samples analysis indicates that some levels meet the geochemical characteristics required for the existence of potential gas shale reservoirs. One of these levels correspond to the base of La Frontera Formation, where limestones exhibit appropriated organic matter content and maturity conditions for gas shale. In addition, this limestone also presents micro-porosity associated with diagenetic processes and kerogen. The geochemical and petrographic features are similar to those found in the Barnett gas shale. The geochemical and petrographic characteristics reflected by the limestones of La Frontera Formation agree with the criteria described and evaluated internationally for unconventional gas shale reservoirs, similar to those found in the Barnett gas shale, and shows the best conditions for the development of these deposits. Nevertheless, it is necessary to evaluate other petrophysical properties, gas saturation, and effective gas permeability in reservoir condition in order to make a conclusive determination about gas shale potential.En la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia se encuentran expuestas extensas capas de shale; estas rocas de edad cretácico superior de las formaciones La Frontera y Conejo, en el sector Alto de los Caballeros, entre los municipios de Ubaté, Carmen de Carupa y Sutatausa, fueron evaluadas mediante análisis geoquímicos y petrográficos para determinar su potencial como reservorio de gas shale en el sinclinal Chécua-Lenguazaque. Esta estructura presenta características propicias para el desarrollo de un reservorio de gas shale debido a su extensa área, a la existencia de una gruesa secuencia cretácica de origen marino rica en materia orgánica y a su ubicación cercana a áreas industriales como la región andina colombiana. Los resultados de los análisis de muestras de afloramiento de las formaciones La Frontera y Conejo indican que algunos niveles cumplen con las características geoquímicas requeridas para los reservorios de gas shale. El intervalo de calizas en la base de la Formación La Frontera exhibe un contenido de materia orgánica y condiciones de madurez apropiados para el gas shale, además, esta caliza también presenta microporosidad asociada a procesos diagenéticos y a kerógeno. Las características geoquímicas y petrográficas reflejadas por las calizas de la Formación La Frontera se ajustan a los criterios descritos y evaluados internacionalmente para yacimientos no convencionales de gas shale, son similares a las encontradas en el reservorio Barnett gas shale, y evidencian las mejores condiciones para el desarrollo de este tipo de depósitos. Sin embargo, es necesario evaluar otras propiedades petrofísicas, saturación de gas y permeabilidad efectiva de los gases en condición de reservorio, para así contar con una caracterización completa sobre el potencial de gas shale

Evaluation of CO2 carrying capacity of reactivated CaO by hydration

[EN] Steam hydration has been proposed as a suitable technique for improving the performance of CaO as a regenerable sorbent in CO2 capture systems. New hydration experiments conducted in this study, confirm the reported improvements in the capacity of sorbents to carry CO2. An examination of the textural properties of the sorbent after hydration and mild calcination revealed a large increase in the area of reaction surface and the formation of a fraction of pores ≈20 nm diameter that enhance the CO2 carrying capacity and increase the carbonation reaction rate. However, these changes in textural properties also lead to lower values of crushing strength as measured in the reactivated particles. Experiments conducted with a high hydration level of the sorbent (Ca molar conversion to Ca(OH)2 of 0.6) in every cycle produced a sixfold increase in the sorbent residual CO2 carrying capacity. This improvement has been estimated to be achieved at the expense of a very large consumption of steam in the system (about 1.2 mol of steam per mol of captured CO2). The trade off between the improvements in CO2 capture capacity and steam consumption is experimentally investigated in this work, it being concluded that there is need to design a comprehensive sorbent reactivation test that takes into account all of the hydration reactivation process.This work is partially supported by the European Commission under the 7th Framework Programme (CaOling project). I. Martínez thanks Diputación General de Aragón for the F.P.I. fellowship and MICINN for the F.P.U. fellowship.Peer reviewe

Teinture dans des bains de reutilitsation directe: des microfibres de polyester avec des colorants dispersés

Las presiones medioambientales sobre la industria textil y el consumo de agua y energía de dicho sector, llevan a la adopción de medidas que influyen directamente sobre los procesos industriales de tintura. Disminuir el impacto medioambiental optimizando procesos para conseguir mejorar el nivel de agotamiento y/o reutilizar los baños finales, con o sin tratamiento intermedio, son algunas de las medidas que se vienen aplicando. En este trabajo se estudiará el caso de reutilizaciones directas de baños de tintura con CI Azul Disperso 56 y microfibras de poliéster, con el objeto de evaluar su comportamiento en cinéticas no isotérmicas en el caso de 25 reutilizaciones a partir del baño original. A partir de los resultados obtenidos puede observarse una tendencia del % de agotamiento con el número de reutilizaciones. Disminuye hasta la 5º reutilización, manteniéndose aproximadamente constante des de la 6ª hasta la número 25.Environmental pressures on textile industry and the consumption of water and energy in the above mentioned sector, lead to the adoption of measures that directly influence to the industrial processes. In order to reduce the environmental impact, optimizing process to improve exhaustion level and/or the reuse of final baths, with or without intermediate treatment, are some of the measures that have been applied. In this work, the case of direct reuses of residual baths with Disperse Blue 56 and poliéster microfibres will be studied. The main objective is to evaluate their behaviour in non-isothermal kinetics in the specific case of 25 reuses from the same original bath. From the results obtained a tendence in the exhaustion percentage can be observed respect the number of reuses. It diminishes until the 5th, maintaining its values from the 6th until the 25th reuse.Les pressions environnementales sur l'industrie textile et la consommation d'eau et l'énergie du dit secteur, portent à l'adoption de mesures qui influent directement sur les processus industriels de teinture. Diminuer l'impact environnemental en optimisant des processus pour réussir à améliorer le niveau d'épuisement et/ou réutiliser les bains finaux, avec ou sans un traitement intermédiaire, sont certains des mesures qui sont appliquées. À ce travail on étudiera le cas de réutilisations directes de bains de teinture avec CI Bleu Dispersé 56 et des microfibres de polyester, afin d'évaluer sa conduite dans cinétiques non isothermes dans le cas de 25 réutilisations à partir du bain original. À partir des résultats obtenus on peut observer une tendance du % d'épuisement avec le nombre de réutilisations. On diminue jusqu'à la 5º réutilisation, en se maintenant à peu près constant depuis la 6 ª jusqu'au nombre 25

Adsorption Kinetics of Hg(II) on Eco-Friendly Prepared Oxidized Graphenes

Extra-functionalized oxidized graphenes are widely preferred for the removal of different pollutants, however, removal with pristine oxidized graphenes, i.e., graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is vaguely explored. Herein, we report a comparative adsorption kinetics study of the removal of mercury(II) (Hg(II)) from water using eco-friendly prepared GO and rGO. This work consists of the synthesis protocol and the corresponding morphological and spectroscopical characterization of the obtained pristine adsorbents as well as the adsorption mechanism in terms of initial concentration, removal percentage, pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order models, intraparticle diffusion study, and pH analysis. In particular, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images evidence the presence of thin sheets with some defects on the GO structure, these defects substantially disappear in rGO, after reduction. Raman spectrum of rGO shows a less intense D* peak which is attributed to the diamond-like carbon phase. Most importantly, the equilibrium adsorption time in GO is 10 min with a removal percentage of ~28% while in rGO it is 20 min with a removal percentage of ~75%. The adsorption process of Hg(II) either in GO or rGO is more in line with the pseudo-second-order model, suggesting that the adsorption kinetics could be controlled by chemisorption. Our results evidence the interesting adsorbing properties of pristine oxidized graphenes and are expected to be useful for the proposal and study of non-extra functionalized graphene-based materials for water treatment