1,018 research outputs found
Rape in Victoria as a crime of absolute liability : a departure from both precedent and progressivism
In recent decades, a disturbing trend has emerged in Victoria and elsewhere that has witnessed the emergence of statutory rules that accord preferential treatment to prosecutors and complainants in instances where allegations of rape are made. This article examines not only the manifestations of such treatment in the form of Victorian crime legislation, but the means by which the statutory crime of rape in Victoria has been transformed into an offence which, though technically one of mens rea, can effectively be prosecuted as an offence of absolute liability. The piece concludes with a discussion of the likely reasons for this trend as well as the implications of allowing such a serious offence to be prosecuted as one of absolute liability.<br /
Solar thermal heating and cooling. A bibliography with abstracts
This bibliographic series cites and abstracts the literature and technical papers on the heating and cooling of buildings with solar thermal energy. Over 650 citations are arranged in the following categories: space heating and cooling systems; space heating and cooling models; building energy conservation; architectural considerations, thermal load computations; thermal load measurements, domestic hot water, solar and atmospheric radiation, swimming pools; and economics
Gestión del patrimonio arqueológico subacuático y costero en los mares de Israel (II): los yacimientos litorales en riesgo
The two articles titled Management of the underwater and coastal
archaeological heritage in Israel's seas – parts A and B aim at presenting
the diversity, nature and significance of an important cultural resource
at risk, namely the underwater and coastal archaeological sites of Israel.
Part I introduces the typology of the sites on the Mediterranean coast
and the inland seas (The Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea). Part II
presents the main endangered sites along the Mediterranean coast of
Israel, their archaeological and historical significance, the risks they are
facing and the measures that have to be taken in order to ensure their
long term preservation.Los dos artículos presentados con el título “Gestión del patrimonio
arqueológico subacuático y costero en los mares de Israel” apuntan a la
diversidad, naturaleza y trascendencia de un importante recurso cultural
en riesgo, concretamente los yacimientos arqueológicos submarinos y
costeros de Israel. En la primera parte introducíamos la tipología de los
asentamientos sobre la costa mediterránea y los mares interiores (el Mar
de Galilea y el Mar Muerto). Esta segunda parte presenta los
yacimientos más amenazados a lo largo de las costas israelíes del
Mediterráneo, su histórica y arqueológica importancia, los riesgos a los
que se enfrentan y las medias que deben ser tomadas con objeto de
asegurar su preservación a largo plazo
Gestión del patrimonio arqueológico subacuático y costero en los mares de Israel (I)
The Maritime cultural heritage of Israel reflects important chapters in
the history of humanity, including the Neolithic revolution and the
beginning of agriculture, the emergence of the first empires and the
foundation of the three monotheistic religions. Erosion due to sea level
rise and human activity is destroying important coastal and underwater
archaeological sites. Low levels in the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea
exposed many archaeological remains, which are threatened by erosion,
treasure hunting and coastal development. Without intensive rescue
and protection activities, the valuable cultural maritime heritage will
vanish within a few decades. Legal and operational tools are currently
applied in order to assure integrated coastal zone management, to
control coastal development and to protect the marine cultural
resources. Among these are the Antiquities Law, the Planning and
Building Law, the Nature and Parks Law and the Law for the
Protection of the Coastal Environment. Coastal and underwater sites
are mapped and monitored, protected coastal and underwater sites are
declared and rescue surveys are carried out in the endangered sites. A
national risk assessment document of the coastal and underwater
heritage and detailed preservation and protection plans have been
prepared. Pilot projects for protecting and preserving the sea walls of
Ashkelon, Apollonia and Akko were completed and several damaged
harbors in the Sea of Galilee were reconstructed.El patrimonio marítimo cultural de Israel representa un importante
capítulo en la historia de la Humanidad, incluyendo la Revolución
Neolítica y los inicios de la agricultura, la aparición de los primeros
imperios y la fundación de las tres religiones monoteístas. La erosión
debida a la subida del nivel del mar y la actividad humana están
destruyendo importantes yacimientos arqueológicos costeros y
submarinos. La bajada del nivel en el Mar de Galilea y en el Mar Muerto
ha expuesto muchos restos arqueológicos amenazados por la erosion,
los expoliadores y el desarrollo litoral. Sin un intenso control y sin
actividades protectoras se perderá el valioso patrimonio cultural
marítimo en pocas décadas. Las herramientas jurídicas y operativas
actualmente se están aplicando para proteger la gestión integrada de
zonas costeras, para controlar el desarrollo litoral y proteger los
recursos culturales marítimos. Entre estas disposiciones se encuentran
la Ley de Antigüedades, la Ley de Planificación y Construcción, la Ley
de Naturaleza y Parques, y la Ley para la Protección del Medio
Ambiente Costero. Los yacimientos litorales y submarinos están
cartografiados y supervisados, los protegidos están declarados y las
actuaciones de rescate se están produciendo en los yacimientos más
amenazados. Se ha elaborado un documento nacional relativo a los
riesgos sobre el patrimonio litoral y subacuático, y se han detallado
planes para su protección y conservación. Se han culminado los
proyectos pilotos para la recuperación de las murallas marítimas de
Ascalon, Apolonia y Acco, y varios puertos dañados en el Mar de
Galilea se han restaurado
The Queen v Getachew : rethinking DPP v Morgan
In The Queen v Getachew, a recent decision of the High Court of Australia that was soon followed by the Victorian Court of Appeal, the High Court correctly noted that there is a fine line between the mens reas of belief and knowledge which turns upon the degree of conviction with which a belief is held. In particular, the court emphasised that a belief in the existence of a fact or circumstance that contemplates a real possibility or perhaps a higher degree of doubt as to the existence of that fact or circumstance is tantamount to knowledge or awareness that such fact or circumstance may not exist. When applied to the principle enunciated in DPP v Morgan, that type of belief would not be mutually exclusive with the alternative mens reas that require the Crown to prove that the accused was aware that the complainant was not or might not be consenting to the penetration at issue. In Getachew, the High Court merely pointed out that the mens reas of knowledge and belief, though similar in certain respects, are separate and distinct mental states that were incorrectly and inexplicably treated as though they were identical in Morgan and innumerable decisions that have followed and relied upon Morgan since it was decided by the House of Lords in 1976. In the aftermath of Getachew, therefore, the principle that an accused can act with a mental state that is mutually exclusive of the mens rea for rape remains intact. What has changed is that it is knowledge, rather than a mere belief that the complainant is not or might not be consenting, that is mutually exclusive of the requisite mens rea for rape
Senior Health Independence Promotion Program (SHIP): A Collaboration Between The Philadelphia Senior Center and The Jefferson Health System
No abstract available
Cwbr Author Interview: The Great Heart Of The Republic: St. Louis And The Cultural Civil War
Interview with Adam Arenson, Professor of History at the University of Texas at El Paso Interviewed by Nathan Buman
Civil War Book Review (CWBR): Today, Civil War Book Review is proud to speak with Adam Arenson, Professor of History at University of Texas at El Paso about his recent work, The Great Heart of the Republic: St. Louis and the Cultural Civil War. Professor Arenson, I appreciate you taking the time to speak with us. Adam Arenson (AA): It\u27s my pleasur
Ignorance of the law as a defence to rape : the destruction of a maxim
In DPP v Morgan, the House of Lords correctly concluded that an accused who entertained a genuine belief that a woman was consenting to carnal knowledge of her person could not be convicted of the common law crime of rape as such a belief and the requisite mens rea to convict were mutually exclusive of one another. Though England and Wales have resiled from this position by virtue of the Sexual Offences Act 2003, s. 1 (b), which allows for conviction upon proof that the accused did not reasonably believe that the complainant was consenting, the Morgan principle has retained its vitality at common law as well as under the various statutory crimes of rape that exist throughout Australia, most notably the provisions of s. 38 of the Crimes Act 1958 (Vic). Despite a long line of Victorian Court of Appeal decisions which have reaffirmed the Morgan principle, the court has construed s. 37AA(b)(ii) of the Act as leaving open the possibility of an acquittal despite the fact that the accused acted with an awareness that one or more factors that are statutorily deemed as negating consent under s. 36(a)-(g) of the Act were operating at the time of his or her sexual penetration; specifically, the court held that the foregoing factors do not necessarily preclude a jury from finding that the accused acted in the genuine belief that the complainant was consenting. This article endeavours to explain how the accused could be aware of such circumstances at the time of penetration, yet still entertain such a belief. The article ultimately concludes that such an anomaly can only be explained through a combination of the poor drafting of s. 37AA(b)(ii) and the court\u27s apparent refusal to follow the longstanding precept that ignorance of the law is never a defence to a crime, ostensibly prompted by its adherence to the cardinal precept that legislation is not to be construed as superfluous.<br /
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