Nivel de conocimientos sobre salud sexual y salud reproductiva de adolescentes escolarizados en la Agencia Municipal de Santa Cruz, Huatulco

Tesis de Licenciatur

Analysis of microRNA expression in newborns with differential birth weight using newborn screening cards

"Birth weight is an early predictor for metabolic diseases and microRNAs (miRNAs) are proposed as fetal programming participants. To evaluate the use of dried blood spots (DBS) on newborn screening cards (NSC) as a source of analyzable miRNAs, we optimized a commercial protocol to recover total miRNA from normal birth weight (NBW, n= 17–20), low birth weight (LBW, n = 17–20) and high birth weight (macrosomia, n = 17–20) newborns and analyzed the relative expression of selected miRNAs by stem-loop RT-qPCR. The possible role of miRNAs on the fetal programming of metabolic diseases was explored by bioinformatic tools. The optimized extraction of RNA resulted in a 1.2-fold enrichment of miRNAs respect to the commercial kit. miR-33b and miR-375 were overexpressed in macrosomia 9.8-fold (p < 0.001) and 1.7-fold, (p < 0.05), respectively and miR-454-3p was overexpressed in both LBW and macrosomia (19.7-fold, p < 0.001 and 10.8-fold, p < 0.001, respectively), as compared to NBW. Potential target genes for these miRNAs are associated to cyclic-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKG), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), type 2 diabetes, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)and Forkhead box O protein (FoxO) pathways. In summary, we improved a protocol for analyzing miRNAs from NSC and provide the first evidence that birth weight modifies the expression of miRNAs associated to adult metabolic dysfunctions. Our work suggests archived NSC are an invaluable resource in the search for fetal programming biomarkers.

Upregulation of GH, but not IGF1, in the hippocampus of the lactating dam after kainic acid injury

Lactation embodies a natural model of morphological, neurochemical, and functional brain plasticity. In this reproductive stage, the hippocampus of the female is less sensitive to excitotoxins in contrast to nulliparity. Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) are known to be neuroprotective in several experimental models of brain lesion. Here, activation of the GH–IGF1 pituitary–brain axis following kainic acid (7.5 mg/kg i.p. KA) lesion was studied in lactating and nulliparous rats. Serum concentrations of GH and IGF1 were uncoupled in lactation. Compared to virgin rats, the basal concentration of GH increased up to 40% but IGF1 decreased 58% in dams, and only GH increased further after KA treatment. In the hippocampus, basal expression of GH mRNA was higher (2.8-fold) in lactating rats than in virgin rats. GH mRNA expression in lactating rats increased further after KA administration in the hippocampus and in the hypothalamus, in parallel to GH protein concentration in the hippocampus of KA-treated lactating rats (43% vs lactating control), as detected by Western blot and immunofluorescence. Except for the significantly lower mRNA concentration in the liver of lactating rats, IGF1 expression was not altered by the reproductive condition or by KA treatment in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Present results indicate upregulation of GH expression in the hippocampus after an excitotoxic lesion, suggesting paracrine/autocrine actions of GH as a factor underlying neuroprotection in the brain of the lactating dam. Since no induction of IGF1 was detected, present data suggest a direct action of GH

Bioassay-Guided Isolation and Identification of Cytotoxic Compounds from &lt;em&gt;Gymnosperma&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;glutinosum&lt;/em&gt; Leaves

Bioassay-guided fractionation of hexane extracts of&lt;em&gt; Gymnosperma glutinosum&lt;/em&gt; (Asteraceae) leaves, collected in North Mexico, afforded the known compounds hentriacontane (&lt;strong&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;) and (+)-13&lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt;,14&lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;,15-trihydroxy-&lt;em&gt;ent&lt;/em&gt;-labd-7-ene (&lt;strong&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;), as well as the new &lt;em&gt;ent&lt;/em&gt;-labdane diterpene (−)-13&lt;em&gt;S&lt;/em&gt;,14&lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;,15-trihydroxy-7-oxo-&lt;em&gt;ent&lt;/em&gt;-labd-8(9)-ene (&lt;strong&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt;). In addition, D-glycero-D-galactoheptitol (&lt;strong&gt;4&lt;/strong&gt;) was isolated from the methanolic extract of this plant. Their structures were established on the basis of high-field 1D- and 2D NMR methods supported by HR-MS data. The cytotoxic activity was determined by using the &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; L5178Y-R lymphoma murine model. Hentriacontane (&lt;strong&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;) and the new &lt;em&gt;ent&lt;/em&gt;-labdane &lt;strong&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt; showed weak cytotoxicity, whereas the &lt;em&gt;ent&lt;/em&gt;-labdane &lt;strong&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt; showed significant (&lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt; &lt; 0.05) and concentration dependent cytotoxicity (up to 78%) against L5178Y-R cells at concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 250 µg/mL