El entrenamiento intervalado de alta intensidad mejora el rendimiento específico en los atletas de taekwondo

[ES] Los métodos de entrenamiento específicos son un aspecto importante en la preparación de los atletas de taekwondo. El propósito de este estudio fue investigar el efecto de un programa de entrenamiento intervalado de alta intensidad (EIAI) de corta duración con técnicas específicas de taekwondo sobre el rendimiento anaeróbico. Doce atletas de taekwondo fueron asignados al azar a un grupo control (n=6) o grupo experimental (n=6). El protocolo experimental consistió en 3 bloques de 6 series de esfuerzo total de 10 segundos, con recuperación pasiva de 10 segundos entre series e intervalos de descanso de 1 minuto entre bloques, realizado 3 días por semana durante 4 semanas. Se realizó un análisis de varianza de tres vías (ANOVA) (grupo, serie y tiempo) con mediciones repetidas en los dos últimos factores para comparar el rendimiento durante cada serie de la prueba Frequency Speed Kick Test(FSKT) y un ANOVA de dos vías (grupo y tiempo) con mediciones repetidas se utilizó para comparar el número total de patadas y el índice de fatiga de patadas (IFP). Ambos grupos mantuvieron su entrenamiento regular de taekwondo, que era exactamente el mismo. Antes y después del programa de entrenamiento, los atletas realizaron el FSKT. El grupo experimental aumentó el rendimiento (p <0,01) en cada una de las cinco series de FSKT y en el número total de patadas (p <0,001). No se observó diferencia estadística en el grupo control después de 4 semanas o entre el grupo control y el grupo experimental en ningún momento. Un programa de EIAI de corta duración con técnicas específicas de taekwondo mejoró el rendimiento anaeróbico medido a través del FSKT. Sin embargo, el índice de fatiga no cambió.[EN] Specific training methods is an important aspect in the preparation of taekwondo athletes.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a short-duration high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program with specific taekwondo techniques on anaerobic performance.Twelve taekwondo athletes were randomized into a control (n=6) or experimental groups (n=6). The experimental protocol consisted of 3 blocks of 6 sets of 10s all-out effort, with 10s passive recovery between sets and 1-min rest interval between blocks, conducted 3 days per week during 4-weeks. A three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (group, set and moment) with repeated measurements in the two last factors was conducted to compare the performance during each set of the Frequency Speed Kick Test (FSKT), and an ANOVA two-way (group and moment) with repeated measurements was used to compare the total number of kicks and kick decrement index (KDI). Both groups maintained their regular taekwondo training, which was exactly the same. Before and after the training program the athletes performed the FSKT.The experimental group increased (p<0.01) performance in each of the five sets of the FSKT and in the total number of kicks (p<0.001). No statistical difference was observed in the control group after 4-weeks or between the control and experimental group in any moment. A short-duration HIIT program with specific taekwondo techniques improved anaerobic performance measured through the FSKT. However, the fatigue index did not change.[PT] Os métodos de treinamento específicos são um aspecto importante na preparação física dos atletas de taekwondo. O propósito deste estudo foi investigar o efeito de um programa de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (TIAI), de curta duração, com técnicas específicas de taekwondo sobre o desempenho anaeróbio. Doze atletas de taekwondo foram alocados aleatoriamente a um grupo controle (n=6) ou a um grupo experimental (n=6). O protocolo experimental consistiu em 3 blocos de 6 séries de esforço com duração de 10 segundos, com recuperação passiva de 10 segundos entre as séries e intervalos de descanso de 1 minuto entre os blocos, realizado 3 dias por semana durante 4 semanas. Foi utilizada a análise de variância (ANOVA) a três fatores (grupo, série e tempo) com medidas repetidas nos dois últimos fatores para comparar o desempenho durante cada série do Frequency Speed Kick Test (FSKT) e uma ANOVA a dois fatores (grupo e tempo) com medidas repetidas foi utilizada para comparar o número total de chutes e o índice de fadiga de chutes (IFC). Os dois grupos mantiveram seu treinamento regular de taekwondo, o qual era exatamente o mesmo. Antes e depois do programa de treinamento os atletas realizaram o FSKT. O grupo experimental aumentou o desempenho (p <0,01) em cada uma das cinco séries do FSKT e no número total de chutes (p<0,001). Não foi observada diferença estatística no grupo controle depois de 4 semanas ou entre o grupo controle e o grupo experimental em nenhum momento. Um programa de TIAI, de curta duração, com técnicas específicas de taekwondo melhorou o desempenho anaeróbio medido por meio do FSKT. Contudo, o IFC não mudou

Limits to reproduction and seed size-number trade-offs that shape forest dominance and future recovery

International audienceThe relationships that control seed production in trees are fundamental to understanding the evolution of forest species and their capacity to recover from increasing losses to drought, fire, and harvest. A synthesis of fecundity data from 714 species worldwide allowed us to examine hypotheses that are central to quantifying reproduction, a foundation for assessing fitness in forest trees. Four major findings emerged. First, seed production is not constrained by a strict trade-off between seed size and numbers. Instead, seed numbers vary over ten orders of magnitude, with species that invest in large seeds producing more seeds than expected from the 1:1 trade-off. Second, gymnosperms have lower seed production than angiosperms, potentially due to their extra investments in protective woody cones. Third, nutrient-demanding species, indicated by high foliar phosphorus concentrations, have low seed production. Finally, sensitivity of individual species to soil fertility varies widely, limiting the response of community seed production to fertility gradients. In combination, these findings can inform models of forest response that need to incorporate reproductive potential

Limits to reproduction and seed size-number tradeoffs that shape forest dominance and future recovery

The relationships that control seed production in trees are fundamental to understanding the evolution of forest species and their capacity to recover from increasing losses to drought, fire, and harvest. A synthesis of fecundity data from 714 species worldwide allowed us to examine hypotheses that are central to quantifying reproduction, a foundation for assessing fitness in forest trees. Four major findings emerged. First, seed production is not constrained by a strict trade-off between seed size and numbers. Instead, seed numbers vary over ten orders of magnitude, with species that invest in large seeds producing more seeds than expected from the 1:1 trade-off. Second, gymnosperms have lower seed production than angiosperms, potentially due to their extra investments in protective woody cones. Third, nutrient-demanding species, indicated by high foliar phosphorus concentrations, have low seed production. Finally, sensitivity of individual species to soil fertility varies widely, limiting the response of community seed production to fertility gradients. In combination, these findings can inform models of forest response that need to incorporate reproductive potential

Phenotypic characteristics of human clinical and environmental Aeromonas in Western Australia

Aim To determine the phenotypic characteristics of 199 Aeromonas strains comprising 146 clinical and 53 environmental isolates. Methods Identification was based on a scheme consisting of 62 biochemical tests including two novel tests introduced as potential phenotypic markers. Results One hundred and eighty-five strains (93%) were identified to species level while eight (4%) resembled members of the Aeromonas hydrophila complex and six (3%) could not be assigned to any taxon. There were no significant phenotypic differences between clinical and environmental strains of the three most commonly isolated species A. hydrophila, Aeromonas veronii subspecies sobria and Aeromonas caviae. The most frequently isolated species in human clinical material and environmental samples was A. hydrophila (54.8% and 45.3%, respectively). Conclusions Phenotypical identification showed that A. hydrophila was the most frequently isolated Aeromonas from clinical and water samples. The introduction of novel tests did not improve the discriminatory power of the scheme and the lack of definitive phenotypical markers continues to hinder Aeromonas taxonomy

Aeromonas aquariorum is widely distributed in clinical and environmental specimens and can be misidentified as Aeromonas hydrophila

Genotypic characterization of 215 Aeromonas strains (143 clinical, 52 environmental, and 20 reference strains) showed that Aeromonas aquariorum (60 strains, 30.4%) was the most frequently isolated species in clinical and water samples and could be misidentified as Aeromonas hydrophila by phenotypic methods

Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Aeromonas strains isolated from clinical and environmental sources to 26 antimicrobial agents

We determined the susceptibilities of 144 clinical and 49 environmental Aeromonas strains representing 10 different species to 26 antimicrobial agents by the agar dilution method. No single species had a predominantly nonsusceptible phenotype. A multidrug nonsusceptible pattern was observed in three (2.1%) clinical strains and two (4.0%) strains recovered from diseased fish. Common clinical strains were more resistant than the corresponding environmental isolates, suggesting that resistance mechanisms may be acquired by environmental strains from clinical strains