Avaliação fitotoxicológica e sua relação com variáveis ambientais das águas do reservatório Rio Grande (São Paulo, Brasil)

Environmental monitoring indicators guide the decision-making process of public policies. Bioassays using seeds are a potential tool to evaluate water quality indicators, since their results can be expressed in a phytotoxicity scale, the tests are quite simple, relatively fast, and low cost. In this context, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the phytotoxicity of Rio Grande reservoir waters and its relationship with environmental variables. In Brazil, this reservoir is an important water source for the public supply of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. In 2018, subsurface and bottom water were collected in four sampling campaigns. The environmental variables were measured both in field and at the laboratory. In field, it was used a multiprobe of ammonium (N-NH4+), electrical conductivity (EC), nitrate (N-NO3-), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and water temperature (T); and, at the laboratory, of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). Bioassays using seeds of cucumber (Cucumis sativus), garden cress (Lepidium sativum), and mustard (Sinapis alba) were performed (n = 6). The bioassays consisted of incubating the seeds and the water samples on Petri dishes at (20º ± 2 ºC) in the absence of light for 3 days, in case of S. alba, and for 4 days, in case of C. sativus and L. sativum. ISO water was used as a control. Afterward, the number of germinated seeds and the roots' length were determined to calculate the Germination Index (GI). Statistical analyses were performed, such as the Shapiro-Wilk test, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test, to verify the differences between the seeds' responses to the environmental variables. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to the environmental variables and the GI to identify the most representative variables. This study indicated that, in May of 2018, the subsurface water was moderately phytotoxic to L. sativum (GI = 61.3 ± 8.2%); and the bottom water was very phytotoxic to L. sativum (GI = 23.6 ± 14.5%) and S. alba (26.2 ± 12.0%). In all other sampling campaigns, the water samples potentiated seed germination, which can be related to nutrients concentrations The L. sativum proved to be more sensitive, due to the lower degrees of data dispersion and the higher degrees of toxicity when compared to the other analysed seeds.Os indicadores de monitoramento ambiental norteiam o processo de tomada de decisão de políticas públicas. Bioensaios com sementes são ferramentas potenciais como indicadores de qualidade da água, pois seus resultados podem ser expressos em uma escala de fitotoxicidade, os testes são bastante simples, relativamente rápidos e de baixo custo. Nesse contexto, os objetivos deste estudo foram: avaliar a fitotoxicidade das águas do reservatório do Rio Grande e sua relação com as variáveis ambientais. Este reservatório é uma importante fonte de água para a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo no Brasil. Água subsuperficial e de fundo foram coletadas em quatro campanhas de amostragem em 2018. As variáveis ambientais foram medidas em campo usando uma multi-sonda: amônio (N-NH4+), condutividade elétrica (CE), nitrato (N-NO3-), pH, oxigênio dissolvido (OD) e temperatura da água (T); e no laboratório: nitrogênio total (NT) e fósforo total (PT). Foram realizados bioensaios com sementes de pepino (Cucumis sativus), agrião (Lepidium sativum) e mostarda (Sinapis alba) (n = 6). Os bioensaios consistiram em incubar as sementes e amostras de água em placas de Petri a (20º ± 2 ºC) na ausência de luz por 3 dias (S. alba) e 4 dias (C. sativus e L. sativum). Água ISO foi usada como controle positivo. Na sequência foram determinados o número de sementes germinadas e o comprimento das raízes para cálculo do Índice de Germinação (IG). Foram realizadas análises estatísticas, como o teste de Shapiro-Wilk, análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey para verificar as diferenças entre as respostas das sementes às variáveis ambientais. A Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) foi aplicada às variáveis ambientais e IG para identificar as variáveis mais representativas. O estudo indicou que em maio de 2018 a água subterrânea era moderadamente fitotóxica para L. sativum (IG = 61,3 ± 8,2%); e a água do fundo foi muito fitotóxica para L. sativum (IG = 23,6 ± 14,5%) e S. alba (26,2 ± 12,0%). Em todas as demais campanhas de amostragem, as amostras de água potencializaram a germinação das sementes, o que pode estar relacionado à concentração de nutrientes. A espécie L. sativum mostrou-se mais sensível, devido ao menor grau de dispersão dos dados e ao maior grau de toxicidade em relação às demais sementes analisadas

Proposição de diretrizes para dimensionamento de estruturas de dissipação de energia do escoamento: contribuição para mitigação de danos e perdas em regiões de geomorfologia complexa sujeitas a desastres hidrológicosGuidelines to design energy dissipation structures: contribution to mitigate damages and losses in complex geomorphology regions subjected to hydrological disaster

As estruturas de dissipação de energia do escoamento (EDE) são fundamentais para prevenir a erosão e a degradação ambiental, bem como a ruptura de infraestruturas na sequência de eventos hidrológicos extremos. Este trabalho analisa diferentes soluções para dissipação de energia do escoamento, assim como os respectivos critérios de dimensionamento das estruturas, geralmente, localizadas a jusante de bueiros (culverts) que atravessam as vias de comunicação (e.g. estrada, caminho de ferro), em alguns trechos de canais (naturais ou artificiais), nas encostas íngremes, nos sistemas de rega e nos vertedores de barragem. Realizou-se uma profunda revisão bibliográfica para sintetizar o conhecimento disperso e construir um procedimento integrado – baseado nas características do escoamento e do meio ambiente – para avaliar a necessidade, selecionar e dimensionar EDE. Foram estabelecidos os domínios de aplicação das estruturas mais adequadas para diferentes condições de escoamento e características biofísicas do território (em termos da geomorfologia), atribuindo ênfase às situações de orografia complexa. Em situações de acentuada declividade das encostas e dos canais do escoamento, a solução mais adequada é aquela que evita (ou atenua significativamente) a ocorrência do escoamento em regime supercrítico. Nesse tipo de solução, incluem-se as estruturas de queda abrupta e em degraus, pois estas permitem regular a declividade, de modo a evitar trechos de aceleração além de dissiparem a energia do escoamento ao longo das quedas sucessivas. Este trabalho constitui uma ferramenta útil para os organismos públicos reguladores com responsabilidade na área de aprovação e fiscalização de projetos de infraestruturas, ordenamento do território e planejamento ambiental, assim como para os projetistas vocacionados para concepção e execução de projetos de infraestruturas de engenharias civil, ambiental e agronômica.Abstract Energy dissipation structures are essential to prevent erosion and environmental degradation as well as the breakdown of infrastructure during extreme hydrological events. This work analyzes the different solutions for the flow energy dissipation, as well as their criteria for design of structures, usually located downstream of culverts (culverts) crossing the communication routes (e.g. road, railway)in some channel(natural or artificial) sections in irrigation systems and dam spillways. Starting from the definition of the applicability of energy dissipaters (EDE), and design criteria, we propose a procedure that evaluates the need for implementation of EDE, select the appropriate type of structure, and design the structure. The research led to the description of the fields of application of the most appropriate structures for different flow and land (in terms of geomorphology) conditions giving emphasis on complex terrain situations. The combined assessment of different structures analyzed with geomorphological conditions of the regions, shows that in situations of steep slopes of the hill slopes and outlets the appropriate solution is the one that avoids (or reduces significantly) the occurrence of supercritical flow. This type of solution includes the drop structures and stepped spillways as they allow the regularization of channel slope avoiding acceleration and dissipate the flow energy. This work serves essentially as a useful tool for public regulators with responsibility in the area of approval and supervision of infrastructure projects, land use and environmental planning as well as for practitioners on the area of civil engineering, environmental and Agronomic projects

HYDROLOGICAL DYNAMICS AND RURAL MOBILITY: CONSIDERATIONS ON THE CATTLE TRANSIT IN THE SOUTH PANTANAL IN YEARS OF EXTREME EVENTS: THE DROUGHT OF 2010 AND THE FLOOD OF 2014

The Pantanal is one of the largest wetlands in the world. In Mato Grosso do Sul, the floodplain stands out on the calf production by the use of native grasslands as pastures. It has as a management characteristic the movement of the herds between lowlands and higher areas, at the pace of the annual floods. The commercialization of cattle for rearing, fattening or slaughtering with other localities consolidates an‘always in motion’livestock farming. Severe hydrometeorological events act as forcings on the management of production, which may impact on increased costs and losses. To contribute to the understanding of the territorial organization of the activity in the region, this study identified the multiannual pattern of cattle traffic at intra and intermunicipal scales and between lowland and plateau areas between 2007 and 2014. In addition, it presented the dynamics of cattle displacement in Aquidauana and Corumbá, municipalities with the largest areas of wetlands and cattle production of the South Pantanal, considering the episodic events of drought in 2010 and full in 2014. The results showed that the flow of cattle presents different levels of connectivity, with emphasis on intra-Pantanal displacement. Increases were observed in the periods of drought and pre-flood and decrease in the flood months; as well as an occasional intense flow in 2014, suggesting an emergency. This endorses adaptive strategies and the need for actions that minimize the impacts of weather and climate variability on cattle breeding in the region

Qualidade de vida de pacientes após acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico atendidos em uma clínica de neurologia em Belém-Pará / Quality of life of patients after ischemic brain vascular accident served in a neurology clinic in Belém-Pará

Introdução: A doença cerebrovascular atinge cerca de 16 milhões de pessoas ao redor do globo a cada ano, sendo a principal causa de morbidade no mundo. Por essa razão, a Avaliação da Qualidade de Vida (QV) se traduz como de grande importância para verificar e compreender o impacto do adoecimento na vida dos pacientes, sendo útil inclusive para o sistema púbico de saúde, na busca de elaborar programas de reabilitação que considerem aos aspectos da vida do indivíduo de forma integral. Objetivo: Avaliar a evolução da qualidade de vida em indivíduos que sofreram Acidente Vascular Encefálico Isquêmico. Método: Estudo experimental do tipo transversal prospectivo de caráter descritivo e analítico. Participaram da pesquisa indivíduos de ambos os sexos, a partir de 18 anos de idade, com diagnóstico de Acidente Vascular Encefálico Isquêmico sofrido entre janeiro e junho de 2018, residentes na Região Metropolitana de Belém-PA e atendidos na Clínica Unineuro. Por tratar-se de estudo piloto, o tamanho amostral foi definido de forma a ser representativo do universo de pacientes em condições semelhantes. Os dados foram coletados por meio do questionário Escala Específica de Qualidade de Vida no Paciente Pós-AVE (EQVE-AVE), o qual conta com 49 itens divididos em 12 domínios. Resultados: Os domínios mais afetados pelo Acidente Vascular encefálico na baixa qualidade de vida afetados, foram Energia (44,8%), Papel familiar (54,2%), Linguagem (49,6%), Mobilidade (53%), Humor (52%), Auto Cuidado (46,6%), Papel Social (44,8%), Função Extremidade Superior (47,2 %), Trabalho e produtividade (42,26%). Em contraponto, os domínios: Personalidade (81,3%), Memória e Concentração (66,0%) e Visão (90%), representaram os melhores índices relacionados à qualidade de vida. Conclusão: Dentre os fatores de maior relevância na qualidade de vida pós-AVE, em primeiro lugar está a dificuldade de retornar ao trabalho. A perda de função da extremidade superior do corpo é um item muito prevalente, que acaba contribuindo para o afastamento do ambiente de trabalho

Identification of Eschweilenol C in derivative of Terminalia fagifolia Mart. and green synthesis of bioactive and biocompatible silver nanoparticles

A green synthetic route was developed to prepare silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in aqueous solution for biological applications. Eschweilenol C, a compound derivative ellagic acid was identified as the main constituent of the aqueous fraction of the ethanolic extract of Terminalia fagifolia Mart. by NMR analysis. In the green synthesis, the ethanolic extract of T. fagifolia and its aqueous fraction were used to promote silver reduction and nanoparticle stabilization. The synthesized AgNPs presented a spherical or polygonal morphology shape by TEM analysis and AgNPs showed high levels of antioxidant and considerable antibacterial and antifungal activities. Synthesized nanoparticles presented significant antioxidant activity by sequestration of DPPH and ABTS radicals, in addition to iron reduction (FRAP assay) and measurement of antioxidant capacity in ORAC units, in addition, AgNP synthesized with the aqueous fraction also demonstrated antioxidant potential in microglial cells. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were susceptible to growth inhibition by the nanoparticles, among which the AgNPs formed by the ethanolic extract was the most effective. The data obtained by AFM images suggested that AgNPs could lead to the lysis of bacteria and subsequent death. The antifungal assays showed high efficiency against yeasts and dermatophytes. This work represents the first description of antifungal activity by AgNPs against Fonsecaea pedrosoi, the etiologic agent of chromoblastomycosis. In relation to biocompatibility, the AgNPs induced lower haemolysis than AgNO3.We thank Herbert Kogler and Reinhard Wimmer for the identification of Eschweilenol C. The NMR laboratory at Aalborg University is supported by the Obel Family, SparNord and Carlsberg foundations.The authors are grateful to Carla Eiras (LIMAV/CT/UFPI) and to FCT and EU for financial support through project UID/QUI/50006/2013– POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007265 from COMPETE and projectNORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000011 from COMPETE. Thanks to Andreia Pinto for help with the TEM measurements at Instituto de Medicina Molecular (IMM). This work was supported by the Histology and Comparative Pathology Laboratory of the IMMinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Evaluation of human impact at Garças lake drainage basin (São Paulo, SP) during the 20th Century based in nutrients, heavy metals and organic compounds in lacustrine sediments

O presente estudo visou reconstruir o histórico de impactos antrópicos na bacia de drenagem do Lago das Garças durante o século XX por meio da deposição de contaminantes no compartimento sedimentar. O Lago das Garças está localizado em uma unidade de conservação, Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (PEFI), inserida em área altamente povoada e urbanizada da cidade de São Paulo. Dois testemunhos de sedimento (LG05-03 e LG05-04, com 70 cm e 65 cm, respectivamente) foram amostrados mediante auxílio de mergulhadores no ponto mais profundo do reservatório, sendo, posteriormente, fatiados a cada 1 cm. Em LG05-03 foram quantificadas as distribuições verticais de carbono orgânico total (COT), nutrientes totais (NT e PT), hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPA), hidrocarbonetos alifáticos (n-alcanos), bem como foi feita a classificação granulométrica. Em LG05-04 foi determinada a deposição de metais pesados (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn) e a geocronologia através do isótopo radioativo \'ANTPOT. 210 Pb\', usando o modelo CIC (Constant Initial Concentration). Os dados foram analisados por meio de análises estatísticas multivariadas (ACP: Análise de Componentes Principais). Com base nas tendências dos dados e na ACP, foi possível estabelecer três fases principais: Fase I: 64-43 cm (~1894-1975): caracterizada por baixas concentrações de nutrientes e contaminantes, sendo possível recuperar níveis préindustriais destes compostos, propostos como valores de referência regionais. Ainda, com base na razão C/N e em razões entre n-alcanos, notou-se, nesta fase o predomínio de aporte de matéria orgânica de origem alóctone; Fase II: 43-26 cm (~1975-1990): aumento abrupto das concentrações de metais pesados e HPA traçadores de veículos automotores, marcando o aumento da poluição atmosférica devido ao grande crescimento econômico do município e maior circulação de veículos na região. Ainda, foi observado aumento gradual das concentrações de NT e PT, atribuídos aos despejos de esgotos não tratados oriundos da Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento e da Fundação Parque Zoológico; Fase III: 26-0 cm (~1990-2005): aumento mais acentuado das concentrações de nutrientes devido aos despejos de esgotos, acarretando em maior eutrofia do sistema, registrada pelo perfil do n-\'C IND.17\'. Pico das concentrações de HPA traçadores do uso de carvão mineral associado às atividades de uma siderúrgica vizinha (Siderúrgica J.L. Alipeti), bem como queda das concentrações destes traçadores coincidindo com mudanças no processo industrial da empresa. Ainda nesta fase notaram-se aumentos expressivos dos teores e fluxos dos HPA traçadores de veículos automotores, corroborando o cenário de aumento vertiginoso da frota de veículos na última década. Desse modo, este estudo contribuiu com o cenário nacional em termos de manejo de bacias hidrográficas urbanas, incluindo registros desde a época pré-revolução industrial no Brasil (~1894) até os dias atuais, demonstrando o potencial do uso de testemunhos lacustres no resgate de informações relativas à contaminação de ecossistemas aquáticos associadas às atividades antropogênicas.Present study aimed to reconstruct the human impact history on the Garças Lake Drainage Basin during the 20th Century based on contaminants deposition on the lacustrine sediment. Garças Lake is located in a preservation area, the Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (PEFI), located in a highly populated urban area within the city of São Paulo. Two sediment cores (LG05-03 and LG05-04, 70 cm and 65 cm long) were sampled by divers at the deepest site of the lake, which were sliced at 1 cm intervals. Information for LG05-03 included total organic carbon (TOC), total nutrients (TN and TP), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), aliphatic hydrocarbons (n-alkanes) and grain size vertical distributions. Deposition of heavy metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) and the geocronology by \'ANTPOT. 210 Pb\', using CIC model (Constant Initial Concentration), were determined in LG05-04. Data were analyzed by multivariate statistic analysis (PCA, principal components analysis). Based on data trends and PCA, it was possible to recognized three main phases: Phase I: 64-43 cm (~1894-1975) characterized by low nutrients and contaminants concentrations, allowing retrieving preindustrial levels of these compounds, which are proposed as regional reference values. Besides, C/N ratio and n-alkanes ratios demonstrated aloctonous organic matter predominance; Phase II: 43-26 cm (~1975-1990) characterized by the abrupt increase of heavy metals and vehicular PAHs concentration, indicating the atmospheric pollution increase, due to the great economic rise experienced by the city of São Paulo over that time and the higher vehicles circulation in the region. Yet, it was observed a gradual increase in nutrient concentration attributed to the untreated sewage inputs from the São Paulo State Department of Agriculture and Provisioning headquarters and the city Zoo; Phase III: 26-0 cm (~1990-2005) characterized by a marked increase in nutrient concentration related to the untreated sewage inputs, leading to the increase of eutrophication, as registered by the n-\'C IND.17\' distribution. A peak of coal PAHs concentration was also noticed, related to a neighbor steel mill (J.L. Aliperti), followed by a subsequent decrease of these compounds, coincident with industrial procedures changes. Besides, there was an expressive increase in vehicular PAHs concentrations, corroborating the scenery of a drastic raise of vehicles in the last decade. The present study contributed to the national scenario towards urban drainage basin management. It included records since preindustrial time (~1894) up to the present, highlighting the potential use of lacustrine sediment on the retrieval of historical environmental changes of aquatic ecosystems and associated anthropogenic impacts

Paleolimnologically inferred eutrophication of a shallow, tropical, urban reservoir in southeast Brazil

We studied the eutrophication history of a tropical shallow reservoir in the So Paulo metropolitan region, southeast Brazil. We analyzed grain size, geochemistry, diatom assemblages, and land-use records in a sediment core from the reservoir to infer its trophic state history during the last similar to 110 years (1894-2005). Eighty diatom species were observed in the core and shifts in the relative abundances of planktonic and benthic taxa indicate major limnological changes associated with complex interactions between hydrologic factors and eutrophication. Discostella stelligera was associated with deforestation and water physical changes whereas Aulacoseira granulata, a species abundant throughout the core, was mostly associated with high flux conditions and erosion events, regardless of trophic state. Eutrophication was triggered by construction of the city zoo (1958) and installation of the So Paulo State Department of Agriculture (1975) within the Gar double dagger as watershed, and increasing loads of untreated sewage from these institutions. The data suggest that deterioration in water quality began after similar to 1975 and markedly accelerated after similar to 1990. The reservoir has been hypereutrophic since 1999. Steady increases in geochemical proxies for trophic state, along with a decrease in C/N ratios, indicated higher nutrient concentrations and the prevalence of autochthonous production towards the core top. Appearance of Achnanthidium catenatum similar to 1993 highlighted the onset of a marked eutrophication phase. The subsequent dominance of Planothidium rostratum and Cyclotella meneghiniana suggested a sharp shift to a hypereutrophic state since 1999. Land-use history proved valuable for validating the chronology and interpreting anthropogenic impacts. Multi-proxy analysis of the sediment record provided an effective tool for tracking ecological shifts in the reservoir ecosystem. This study provides the first reconstruction of lake eutrophication history in Brazil and highlights the importance of hydrological/physical changes as drivers of diatom assemblage shifts in reservoirs, which may confound trophic state inferences based on shifts in the planktonic/benthic diatom ratio.Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)FAPESP at the Instituto de Botanica (Sao Paulo, Brazil) [04/08675-8]FAPESP at the Instituto de Botanica (Sao Paulo, Brazil)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq) [472035/2006-1, 305072/2009-9]Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq