Establishment of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, under levels of soil water availability in stages of growth of the plants

The objective of this work was to evaluate yield traits and development of palisadegrass under the influence of water deficit during the establishment period. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in a completely random block statistical design in a factorial arrangement and additional treatment (3 × 3 + 1). The treatments referred to the suppression of irrigation at different phases of the establishment (sowing, germination and initial tillerring) until the soil presented water content of 75%, 50%, and 25% of the moisture related to field capacity (qFC), besides control treatment with no water restriction. Evaluations of number of grown tillers per vase, green leaves per tiller and plant height were carried out weekly, for five weeks after the first tillers appeared. Biomass sampling was carried out approximately 30 days after the end of the last applied treatment, when the soil was kept close to 100% of field capacity relative moisture. Tillering and biomass yield of palisadegrass during establishment phase are reduced when water deficit is sufficient to make soil content water reach 25% of relative moisture field capacity, regardless to the season when water shortage takes place

A pedagogia crítica da educação física escolar: relatos de uma experiência docente com o badminton

INTRODUÇÃO: Este relato apresenta uma experiência pedagógica de ensino do badminton sustentada nas perspectivas de uma pedagogia crítica freiriana, visando superar limitações de ensino dos esportes em contextos escolares pautadas exclusivamente no aprimoramento técnico e na aptidão física, assim como potencializar a experimentação corporal dessa modalidade esportiva e a problematização de aspectos sociais, culturais e econômicos.OBJETIVO: Apresentar uma prática pedagógicas de Badminton para discutir uma proposta pedagógica crítica da educação física escolar. MÉTODOS: A realização desta prática pedagógica ocorreu com 68 estudantes de turmas de 8º e 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental de duas escolas públicas, uma da área rural e outra urbana, do município de Guarani das Missões (RS), no ano de 2019, tendo como duração um trimestre letivo com 20 aulas.RESULTADOS: Os estudantes vivenciaram a prática da modalidade de badminton, tendo nas rodas de conversa um excelente espaço de diálogos e reflexões críticas sobre aspectos históricos, econômicos e sociais que envolvem o badminton, políticas públicas de esporte e lazer do município e a cultura esportiva da região, marcada pela hegemonia do futsal e presença de uma monocultura esportiva na escola.CONCLUSÃO: A prática do badminton potencializou a reflexão crítica sobre a cultura esportiva local e permitiu que os estudantes se colocassem no centro do processo educativo por meio do diálogo e reconhecessem a problematização do contexto social como possibilidade de “ser mais”.ABSTRACT. Teaching Badminton at school: reports from a public school’s pedagogical experience.BACKGROUND: This report deals with a pedagogical experience of teaching sports - Badminton - in order to overcome the limitations of teaching sports in school contexts based on performance and aptitude, but that this can be a central element for the experience of the modality and also for the knowledge production that allows contextualization of the phenomenon with social, cultural and economic aspects, based on the perspective freed by Paulo Freire.OBJECTIVE: Present a Badminton pedagogical practice to discuss a criticized pedagogical proposal School Physical Education.METHODS: His pedagogical practice took place with 68 students from the 8th and 9th grades of elementary school in two public schools, one in the rural and the other in the city of Guarani das Missões (RS, Brazil), in 2019, with a duration of one academic quarter with 20 lessons. RESULTS: The students experienced the practice of the badminton modality, having in the conversation circles an excellent space for dialogues and critical reflections on historical, economic and social aspects involving badminton, public policies of sport and leisure in the municipality and the sports culture of the region, marked by the hegemony of futsal and the presence of a sports monoculture at school.CONCLUSION: The practice of badminton allowed students to place themselves at the center of the educational process through dialogue, which led to critical debates regarding the sports practices that circulate in the community, and also allowed students to recognize themselves as having the possibility of “being more”

Knowledge and Attitude of Brazilian Elementary School Teachers Towards Dental Trauma

Objective: To evaluate both knowledge and attitude of public elementary school teachers in Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil, towards Traumatic Dental Injuries (TDIs). Material and Methods: Four hundred and seventy-one teachers from 10 schools were invited to participate in the research. Two hundred and twelve were accepted, being randomly selected to answer semi-structured questionnaires. Statistical tests Chi-Square and Fisher’s Exact Test were also used for the other variables at a significance level of 5% (p<0.05). Results: 212 teachers answered; 34% had first-aid training in college or even voluntarily (22.6%), but only 7.1% had taken training about TDIs. Only 7.5% were satisfied with the knowledge about TDIs, and 12.3% felt prepared to face it. About 10.8% had seen any type of TDI; 53.3% would report to the headmaster and 8% to the school dentist in a TDI event. The teachers’ first attitude towards TDIs would be contacting the child’s parents (63.2% and 58.5%, respectively). About 47.2% would handle the tooth properly (by the crown). Nearly 90.1% would carry out a permanent tooth dental reimplant, which would be conducted immediately (71.2%). About 36.3% of the teachers storage the avulsed tooth in a liquid: milk (46.7%) and saline solution (24.7%). The dry media mentioned were paper (18.9%) and gauze or cotton (15.1%). Most of the teachers (96.2%) stated that they would like to receive information on TDI. Conclusion: Elementary school teachers in Alfenas have partial knowledge about traumatic dental injuries

Dry matter production of Tanzania grass as a function of agrometeorological variables

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e validar modelos de regressão linear para a estimativa de produção de matéria seca de capim‑tanzânia (Megathyrsus maximus, cultivar Tanzania) em função de variáveis agrometeorológicas. Para tanto, dados de períodos de crescimento da forragem entre 2000 e 2005, em condições de sequeiro em São Carlos, SP, foram correlacionados aos seguintes parâmetros climáticos: temperaturas mínima e média, graus‑dia, evapotranspiração potencial e atual. Foram realizadas regressões lineares simples entre as variáveis agrometeorológicas (independentes) e a taxa média de acúmulo (dependente). As estimativas foram validadas com dados independentes obtidos em São Carlos e Piracicaba, SP. Os melhores resultados estatísticos observados no desenvolvimento e na validação dos modelos foram obtidos para parâmetros agrometeorológicos que levem em consideração o efeito térmico e hídrico conjuntamente, como evapotranspiração real, acúmulo de graus‑dia corrigido pela disponibilidade hídrica e índice climático de crescimento, baseado na temperatura média, na radiação solar e na disponibilidade hídrica. Essas variáveis podem ser utilizadas em simulações e modelos para prever a produção do capim‑tanzânia.The objective of this work was to develop and validate linear regression models to estimate the production of dry matter by Tanzania grass (Megathyrsus maximus, cultivar Tanzania) as a function of agrometeorological variables. For this purpose, data on the growth of this forage grass from 2000 to 2005, under dry‑field conditions in São Carlos, SP, Brazil, were correlated to the following climatic parameters: minimum and mean temperatures, degree‑days, and potential and actual evapotranspiration. Simple linear regressions were performed between agrometeorological variables (independent) and the dry matter accumulation rate (dependent). The estimates were validated with independent data obtained in São Carlos and Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. The best statistical results in the development and validation of the models were obtained with the agrometeorological parameters that consider thermal and water availability effects together, such as actual evapotranspiration, accumulation of degree‑days corrected by water availability, and the climatic growth index, based on average temperature, solar radiation, and water availability. These variables can be used in simulations and models to predict the production of Tanzania grass

LEMON GRASS ESSENTIAL OIL (CYMBOPOGUM FLEXUOSUS) IN HIGH-CONCENTRATE DIETS FOR LAMBS

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of two doses of monensin and lemon grass essential oil (Cymbopogum flexuosus) on nutrient intake and digestibility, ruminal fermentation and ingestive behavior of lambs fed a high-concentrate diet. Four ruminally cannulated ram lambs (44.7 ± 3.72 kg of BW and approximately 5 mo. old) in a 4 x 4 Latin square experimental design were used. The control diet (CONT) contained 15% of oat hay, 85% of concentrate and no additives. In the remaining diets it was included 12.5 (12.5MON) or 25.0 (25MON) mg/kg of monensin (as-fed basis) or 1 mL/kg of DM of lemon grass essential oil (EO). The treatments had no effect on the nutrient intake and digestibility. The lambs that received the EO treatment showed a higher ruminal pH in comparison to those that received the control diet. However, they did not differ from treatments with monensin. A quadratic response was observed for ruminal pH, with the highest value observed in the animals fed the diet 12.5MON. The lambs fed EO had a higher ruminal concentration of acetate than the diet with monensin. There was a quadratic response of monensin on ruminal concentration of acetate, with the lowest value observed for 12.5MON. The acetate:propionate ratio was lower in lambs fed 12.5MON compared to the control. EO decreased the ruminal concentration of butyrate; however, its concentration was higher in lambs fed monensin than EO diets. A lower concentration of total short chain fatty acids (SCFA) was observed in lambs fed 12.5MON. The alanine aminotransferase (ALT) blood concentration was higher in the lambs fed EO compared to the control. EO increased rumen concentration of blood glucose compared to the treatments containing monensin and decreased the number of eggs per gram of feces (EGF). In addition, there was a quadratic response of monensin on the EGF, with a higher value in the lambs fed 12.5MON. In conclusion, half of the daily dose of monensin was more effective at increasing ruminal pH than the full dose, with no negative reflection on nutrient intake and digestibility, as well as on the ingestive behavior and parasitic load of the animals. Thus, 12.5MON may be indicated for lambs feed high concentrate diet. EO proved to be a good natural source to replace ionophores in diets for lambs

Decomposition of straw resulting from different strategies of recovery of degraded pastures using an integrated crop-livestock system

Several strategies have been used to improve soil fertility using integrated crop-livestock (ICL) systems, and the harvest of the accompanying crop used for silage may have several benefits to the soil depending on the quantity and quality of the remaining litter, providing dry matter (DM) for no-tillage systems and nutrient mineralization for the subsequent crop. The objective of this study is to evaluate the rate of decomposition of macro- and micronutrients of the DM of litter produced in ICL systems at different harvest heights in one year. The study was developed at the Experimental Farm of UNESP in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, in the dry season. The study included five replications in plots of 200 m2 and was arranged in a completely randomized block design. The following treatments were analyzed: control sample-degraded pasture of signal grass; Marandu grass-pasture renewal from signal grass to Marandu grass; succession 45-planting of sorghum (forage sorghum cv. Volumax) and crop harvest at the height of 45 cm for silage followed by planting of Marandu grass; simultaneous seeding of Marandu grass and sorghum, and crop harvesting for silage at the height of 15 cm (Marandu + sorghum 15) and 45 cm (Marandu + sorghum 45) from the soil surface. After crop harvesting, proportional amounts of green mass remaining from each unit were collected, transferred to nylon bags, and placed in direct contact with the soil of the respective experimental unit. Each bag was opened every 30 days after closure for up to 270 days. In each bag, the DM, and macro- and micronutrients were analyzed, and the percentage of remaining material, daily decomposition rate, and half-life were calculated. The litter of the Marandu + sorghum 45 treatment contained the highest DM, decomposition rate, and nutrient content. The crop succession provided the best condition of the litter, with the highest DM on the soil surface, which improved soil conditions and made the soil less susceptible to degradation

Produtividade, composição morfologica e químico-bromatológica do capim-marandu consorciado com sorgo forrageiro para renovação de pastagem degradada no Cerrado

O sistema de integração lavoura pecuária (ILP) tem sido uma forma de renovação de pastagens degradadas, amplamente adotado pelas fazendas comerciais do Cerrado. Além das melhorias na fertilidade e atributos físicos do solo, possibilita aumentos significativos na produção de massa seca para alimentação de bovinos na forma de pastejo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o estabelecimento do capim-marandu utilizando o método ILP como alternativa de recuperação de área degradada, avaliando a produtividade total de massa seca, sua composição morfológica e químico-bromatológica após seu estabelecimento. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em Selvíria-MS, em condições de sequeiro, em solo classificado como Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico. O delineamento adotado foi em blocos casualizados com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos corresponderam as diferentes formas de renovação da pastagem de capim-decumbens para capim-marandu, utilizando ou não o sorgo forrageiro em consórcio, sendo os tratamentos constituídos de: : (i) método convencional de renovação para capim-marandu solteiro (Marandu); (ii) pastagem degradada de capim-decumbens (Decumbens); capim-marandu semeado simultaneamente com o sorgo e colhidos a (iii) 0,15 (Simultâneo 15) e (iv) 0,45 m (Simultâneo 45) de altura em relação à superfície do solo para silagem; (v) capim-marandu semeado em sucessão ao sorgo solteiro para silagem coletado a 0,45 m de altura em relação à superfície do solo (Sucessão 45). O tratamento Marandu implantado pelo método convencional apresentou maior produtividade e teor de PB em relação aos demais tratamentos, sendo uma alternativa em curto prazo para renovação de pastagens no Cerrado

Rarity of monodominance in hyperdiverse Amazonian forests.

Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such "monodominant" forests are known from all of the main tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors