Electropolymerizations of 2,2'-bithiophene, n-methylpyrrole and 3-(octylthiophene) monomers, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and equivalent circuit models

N-Metilpirol (N-MPy), 2,2?-Bitiyofen (BTh) ve 3-(Oktiltiyofen) (OTh) döngülü voltametri (DV) ile camsı karbon elektrot (CKE) üzerine elektrokimyasal yöntemle polimerle?tirildi. Farklı konsantrasyonlardaki N-MPy, BTh ve OTh?in homopolimerler, [N-MPy]0/[BTh]0, [BTh]0/[N-MPy]0, [N-MPy]0/[OTh]0 ve [BTh]0/[OTh]0 = 1/1, 1/2, 1/5 ve 1/10 farklı ba?langıç oranlarındaki kopolimerler ve [N-MPy]0/[BTh]0/[OTh]0 terpolimerler DV, Fourier Dönü?ümlü Kızılötesi spektroskopi (FTIR-ATR), taramalı elektron mikroskopu (SEM), enerji dağılımlı X-ı?ını analizi (EDX) ve elektrokimyasal empedans spektroskopi (EES) ile karakterize edildi. Modifiye elektrotların kapasitif davranı?ları Nyquist, Bode - magnitut, Bode – faz, admitans ve kapsitans grafikleriyle bulundu. Rs(Cdl1(R1(QR2)))(Cdl2R3) e?değer devre modeli ile teorik ve deneysel dataların çakı?ması gösterildi. 50 mM ba?langıç monomer konsantrasyonlarında en yüksek dü?ük-frekanslı kapasitans (CLF), P(N-MPy) için CLF= ?2.34?10-4 mFcm-2 , P(BTh) için CLF= ?5.06?10-4 mFcm-2 ve P(OTh) için 75 mM ba?langıç monomer konsantrasyonunda, CLF= ?6.96 mFcm-2 , terpolimer için ise [NMPy]0/[BTh]0/[OTh]0 = 1/1/1 CLF= ? 3.78 mFcm-2 olarak elde edildi.N-Methylpyrrole (N-MPy), 2,2?-bithiophene (BTh) and 3-(Octylthiophene) were electrocopolymerised on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The resulting homopolymers of NMPy, BTh and OTh in different concentrations, copolymers in different initial feed ratios of [N-MPy]0/[BTh]0, [BTh]0/[N-MPy]0, [N-MPy]0/[OTh]0 and [BTh]0/[OTh]0 = 1/1, 1/2, 1/5 and 1/10 and terpolymers of [N-MPy]0/[BTh]0/[OTh]0 were characterised by CV, Fouriertransform infrared reflectance attenuated transmittance (FTIR-ATR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The capacitive behaviours of the modified electrodes were defined via Nyquist, Bode-magnitude, Bode-phase, Admittance and Capacitance plots. The equivalent circuit model of Rs(Cdl1(R1(QR2)))(Cdl2R3) was performed to fit the theoretical and experimental data. The highest low-frequency capacitance (CLF) were obtained from initial monomer concentrations of 50 mM as CLF= ?2.34?10-4 mFcm-2 for P(N-MPy), CLF= ?5.06?10-4 mFcm-2 for P(BTh), CLF= ?6.96 mFcm-2 for P(OTh) initial monomer concentration of 75 mM, and CLF= ? 3.78 mFcm-2 for terpolymer in the inital feed ratio of [NMPy]0/[BTh]0/[OTh]0 = 1/1/1

Synthesis and characterization of polyphenols derived from 4-fluorobenzaldeyde: The effect of electron-donating group on some physical properties

WOS:000302349700072In this study, we proposed to investigate how the effect of electron-donating methyl (?CH3) group at p-position of amin (?NH2) group in aminophenol (AP) compound affected thermal stability, optical, electrochemical properties, and conductivity measurement. For this reason, we choice 2-AP and 2-amino-4-methylphenol compounds and synthesized phenolic monomers by condensation reactions 4-fluorobenzaldehyde with aromatic amino phenols. Then, these monomers were converted to their polyphenol derivatives by oxidative polycondensation reactions in an aqueous alkaline medium. Structural characterizations were carried out by FTIR, NMR, and size exclusion chromatography. Cyclic voltammetry was used to determine the electrochemical oxidation-reduction characteristics. Optical properties were investigated by UVvis and fluorescence analyses. Solid state electrical conductivities were measured on polymer films by four-point probe technique using an electrometer. Thermal data of monomer/polymer and polymers were obtained by TG-DTA and DSC techniques, respectively. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 201

Kadın üniversite gençliği ve mezunlarına yönelik cinsel saldırı mağdur araştırması

Çalışmamızda ülkemizde üniversite gençliği ve mezunlarına yönelik olarak kadınlarda hangi oranlarda cinsel şiddet eylemlerinin gerçekleştiği, kimler tarafından, nerede, ne zaman uygulandığı, adli makamlara ne derece yansıdığı, yansımıyorsa nedenleri ve mağdurların etkilenme dereceleri araştırılmıştır. Araştırmamıza üniversite öğrencisi ve mezunu toplam 700 kadın katılmıştır. İddia ettiğimiz veriler literatürlerle uyumlu olarak kadınların bu eylemlere yüksek oranlarda maruz, kaldığını ve özellikle temas içeren cinsel şiddet türlerinin sanılanın aksine yabancılar tarafından değil, çoğunlukla tanıdık kişilerce gerçekleştirildiği, çok büyük oranının adli makamlara yansımadığını ortaya koymuştur. Sözel, görsel ve dokunsal cinsel şiddet türlerinden herhangi birine maruz kalma oranı kadınlarda % 84 tür. Basit cinsel içerikli dokunuştan zorla cinsel ilişkiye kadar uzanan dokunsal cinsel şiddet türlerine maruz kalma oranı ise % 44.8 olarak bulunmuştur. Mağduriyet oranının yüksekliğinin yanı sıra adli makamlara iletilme oranlarının düşük olması, özellikle adli tıp açısından olayı ispatlama zorluğunu aşacak çalışmaların (etkin muayene ve delillerin değerlendirilmesi) önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Cinsel şiddet, kadın, mağdur

Comparison of thermographic imaging and other diagnostic techniques in diagnosis of cattle with laminitis

Background: Lameness results in major economic losses on dairy farms. The proportion of lameness in cows are between 4-55%, the origin of 90% lameness are caused by foot diseases. Hoof abnormalities such as laminitis are major contributors to lameness. Aim of the study, compared with thermographic imaging (IRT) and radiographic, magnetic resonans (MR), computer tomography (CT), histopathological analysis on the diagnosis of laminitis. Materials, Methods & Results: Preliminary, the animals (20 Holstein-Fresian) were selected by lameness examination for evaluation of the for any obvious signs of disease. The animals were examined when rising and walking of the free stalls. Walking was very painful and clinical symptoms of general distress become present for laminitic group. The cows were scored on a 1 to 5 scale for their locomotion (1 = normal locomotion; 5 = severely lame). Thermographic examinations were performed the all animals after the routine clinical examination methods. The infrared images were taken from the dorsal view of all hooves to monitor the temperature of coronary band. All images were scanned using a hand-held portable infrared camera (Wahl, Thermal Imager HSI3000 Series), which was calibrated to ambient temperature and absorptive conditions. Incentives radiological examinations, dorso-palmar and latero-medial shooting was done for using of (Regius Model 110 Konica, Minolta) 70 kV and 30 mAs for each claws. MRI images of all isolated digits were performed at the Department of Radiology, by using Siemens Symphony Erlangen, Germany. Continuous series of transversal, sagital and dorsoplantar scan were obtained from all digit. Computer tomography (CT), isolated digits were performed at the Imaging Department of Radiology, by using Siemens Symphony Erlangen, Germany. CT scanner was used to obtain contiguous slices from the region of the proximal sesamoid bones to the toe. Anterior side (laminar and perilaminar tissues) of the claws was uncovered with electric wheel. Tissue samples were taken 10% buffered formaldehyde solution after establishing a routine laboratory procedure following the prepared paraffin blocks 5 micrometers thick sections with hematoxylineosin dye method according to the staining. It was finally examined by light microscopy. The computer soft ware of the infrared thermal camera showed increased local temperature, by 0.5-1.5°C, between the normal and suspected regions for laminitic cases. Clinically, animals suspected of laminitis were showed general stiffness, lameness during walking difficulty. Examination of the claws was demonstrated of rings and plump appearance was evident in paries ungulae. The main damage was seen during trimming of the sole from no hemorrhages or discoloration of control group. The transversal MRI images provided excellent depictions of anatomical structures when compared to their corresponding pictures. Identifiable anatomic structure was labeled on the line drawings of the limb sections and on the corresponding CT images. Twenty out of 30 claws (65%) were shown laminitis statistical with histopathological examination. In histopathological examination; mononuclear cells and neutrophil granulocytes infilrations and edema, haemorrhagia, mild hyperemia in the lamellar region was remarkable in laminitic cases. Discussion: As a results, thermographic examination may have potential as a detection tool for laminitis. MR transversal images provided excellent depiction of anatomical structures and many biometric research in the bovine hoof can be easily investigated. The usefulness of IRT, MRI, CT in evaluating laminitis in the acute patient remains stil open. The use of diagnostic techniques during the initial active phase of laminitis as a means to increase the understanding of the disease and also serves as a justification for the development of an experiment involving live cows induces laminitis