50 research outputs found
Efeito de intervenções sobre o Ăndice de massa corporal em escolares
OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito dos programas de intervenções com a atividade fĂsica e/ou a educação nutricional na redução do Ăndice de massa corporal em escolares. MÉTODOS: RevisĂŁo sistemática com metanálise de estudos controlados randomizados disponĂveis nas seguintes bases de dados eletrĂ´nicas entre o ano de 1998 a 2010: PubMed, Lilacs, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science e Cochrane Library, com os descritores: estudo controlado randomizado, sobrepeso, obesidade, Ăndice de massa corporal, criança, adolescente, atividade fĂsica, educação nutricional e escolas. Medida de sumário baseada na diferença das mĂ©dias padronizadas foi usada com intervalo de 95% de confiança. O teste de inconsistĂŞncia foi utilizado para avaliar a heterogeneidade dos estudos. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 995 estudos, dos quais 23 foram incluĂdos e realizadas trĂŞs metanálises. Intervenções isoladas com atividade fĂsica nĂŁo apresentaram efeito significativo na redução do Ăndice de massa corporal, com diferença das mĂ©dias padronizadas: -0,02 (IC95% -0,08;0,04). Resultado semelhante (n = 3.524) foi observado nas intervenções isoladas com educação nutricional, com diferença das mĂ©dias padronizadas: -0,03 (IC95% -0,10;0,04). Quando combinadas as intervenções com atividade fĂsica e educação nutricional, o resultado da metanálise (n = 9.997) apresentou efeito estatisticamente significativo na redução do Ăndice de massa corporal em escolares, com diferença das mĂ©dias padronizadas: - 0,37 (IC95% -0,63;-0,12). CONCLUSĂ•ES: As intervenções combinadas de atividade fĂsica e educação nutricional tiveram mais efeitos positivos na redução do Ăndice de massa corporal em escolares do que quando aplicadas isoladamente.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of intervention programs using nutritional education, physical activity or both on the reduction of body mass index in school-age students. METHODS: The systematic review with meta-analysis included randomized controlled studies available from the following electronic databases for the years 1998 to 2010: PubMed, Lilacs, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library. The descriptors were: randomized controlled trial, overweight, obesity, body mass index, child, adolescent, physical activity, nutrition education and Schools. A weighted average was based on the standardized means difference and used a 95% confidence interval. The inconsistency test was utilized to evaluate the heterogeneity of studies. RESULTS: Initially, 995 studies were identified, of which 23 were included, and 3 meta-analyses were performed. Isolated physical activity interventions did not present a significant reduction in BMI, with a standardized mean difference of -0.02 (95%CI: -0.08; 0.04). A similar result (n= 3,524) was observed in the isolated interventions of nutritional education, with a standardized mean difference of -0.03 (95%CI: -0.10; 0.04).When the interventions with physical activity and nutritional education were combined, the result of the meta-analysis (n= 9,997) presented a statistically significant effect in the reduction of body mass index in school-age students, with a standardized mean difference: -0.37 (95%CI: -0.63; -0.12). CONCLUSIONS: The interventions that combined physical activity and nutritional education had more positive effects in the reduction of body mass index among school-age students than when they were applied individually
Representative decision making: constituency constraints on collective action
This chapter focuses on the role of group and national identity in various types of collective actions. It features the decision to take action and asks about factors that influence that decision. Thus, our perspective is from the standpoint of the decision-maker who usually represents a collectivity (group, organization, nation). The interest is less about those decision-makers’ own identities and attachments than about various drivers and constraints on their decisions to act