The new data about the origin of the Bank of Spain

Con frecuencia se ha escrito mucho sobre este y otros temas similares sin acudir a las fuentes archivísticas directas y basándose únicamente en bibliografía publicada, de forma que se repiten o reinterpretan datos o ideas idénticos no siempre contrastados en la fuente original. Ir a las fuentes directas a menudo corrige y anula mucho o parte de lo publicado al respecto y obliga a replantear al menos algunas cuestiones sobre los orígenes del Banco de España. Esta es la aportación principal de este breve pero fundamentado estudio.This study is original documentary data file on the Bank of Spain and aims to review and update some data published to date that were not base on file documentation bank on some specific aspects that are reviewed here.Ciencias ReligiosasDerech

Some aspects of the historical penal law in Spain

Este artículo analiza dos aspectos distintos del Derecho Penal del Antiguo Régimen. En primer lugar un estudio del marco global de la cuestión y las categorías y tipos penales de la época, pero sobre todo y en segundo lugar el análisis de un caso penal paradigmático a principios del siglo XVII, como fue el llamado "proceso Ezpeleta", asesinato entre cuyos testigos procesales figura Miguel de Cervantes y su familia, lo que da al caso un valor especial.This article analyses two different aspects of Penal Law of the Ancien Régime. First of all, it studies the global framework of the issue and the categories and types of crimes of the era, but above all, secondly, it analyses a paradigmatic penal case of the seventeenth century. The crime is the so-called "Ezpeleta trial", a murder whose processual witnesses included Miguel de Cervantes and his family; this element gives to the case a special value.Ciencias ReligiosasDerech

Comparing natural travel with artificial travel requirements in the study of foraging in the laboratory

Is moving from place to place equivalent to pressing a lever or pecking a key? This dissertation addressed this question by comparing natural travel (moving from place to place) with artificial travel requirements (to press on a lever). In two experiments foraging was modeled with operant behavior. Rats searched for food by pressing on the left lever. The patch provided a maximum of 1, 2, or 8 pellets. When the patch provided 1 pellet, rats captured the first prey with a.10 probability. The probability dropped to zero after one pellet. When the patch provided 2 or 8 pellets rats captured the first prey with a 1.0 probability. Each prey delivered on the left lever caused this probability to decrease to 0 in steps of.5 or.125 simulating patch depletion. Lever-press on the right lever reset the probability on the left lever to.10 or 1.0. To model artificial travel different reset-probabilities were scheduled on the right lever. The experimental situation was modified to model natural travel. Rats had to run 520 cm to travel back and forth between left and right levers. Experiments 1 and 2 revealed that as the number of available prey in the patch increased the giving-up time increased. Experiment 1 showed that natural travel produced longer residence and giving-up times than the artificial travel conditions. Experiment 2 revealed that by pressing on retractable levers, rats made shorter residence and giving-up times than by pressing on standard levers. Sometimes, but not in systematic way, natural travel produced longer residence and giving-up times than by responding to the reset-probabilities. The natural travel with obstacles produced the longest residence and giving-up times. The natural travel with obstacles had more of an effect on residence and giving-up times than any other travel requirement. The residence and giving-up times obtained in Experiments 1 and 2 are in accordance with predictions derived from McNair\u27s (1982) model. As the travel requirement increased the residence and giving-up time increased. This is predicted because the average rate of capture decreased as travel time increased

Sentiment Analysis of Portuguese Political Parties Communication

Costa, C. J., Aparicio, M., & Aparicio, J. (2021). Sentiment Analysis of Portuguese Political Parties Communication. In Proceedings of the 39th ACM International Conference on the Design of Communication (SIGDOC '21) (pp. 63-69). Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). https://doi.org/10.1145/3472714.3473624Political communication in social media has gained increasing importance in the last years. In this study, we analyze the political parties’ communication on Twitter and understand the sentiment of their communication. First by identifying their communication performance regarding the daily number of tweets, favorite tweets, number of retweets per day and per political party. We present a sentiment analysis by the political party using tweets data. In this study, we propose an explanatory model with the main drivers of retweets. To conduct this study, our approach used data analysis and machine learning techniques methods. Results indicate the main determinants that influence future retweets of political posts globally. Here we present a comparison of the communication content between tweets posts and the political parties’ programs available on their institutional websites. We identify the similarities between tweets and formal programs per party and among all parties. This study contributes to analyze the coherence and effectiveness of the political parties’ communication.authorsversionpublishe

BIM: a technology acceptance model in Peru

The purpose of this paper is to empirically study factors that facilitate the adoption of building information modelling (BIM) among practitioners using the unified theory of technology acceptance model (TAM). The factors identified in the TAM were examined using a quantitative approach. The empirical investigation has been conducted using a survey questionnaire. The data set has been obtained from 73 architects and engineers in Peru. Results show that Perceived Usefulness (PU) is the most important determinant of Behavioural Intention (BI), while Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) is found to have no significant effect on BI. The findings provide an excellent backdrop in the development of policy and a roadmap for BIM implementation in Peru. The original contribution and value of the paper is the use of TAM to provide empirical evidence on factors that facilitate BIM adoption in Peru

Digital Evolution: blockchain field research

Bernardino, C., Costa, C. J., & Aparicio, M. (2022). Digital Evolution: blockchain field research. In 2022 17th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI): proceedings (pp. 1-6). (CISTI 2022. 17th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies, 22-25 June 2022, Madrid, Spain). IEEE. ISBN: 978-9-8933-3436-2. https://doi.org/10.23919/CISTI54924.2022.9820035Blockchain is a relatively new technology supported by a decentralized database that received special attention at the research level in the last years due to its fundamental characteristics. Numerous researchers have applied blockchain studies in many fields, but the scope is very large and there is no delimitation of new and emergent trends. The method used to better understand the evolution and impact of blockchain technology was a bibliometric analysis. A search was conducted at digital Elsevier’s database with a single keyword blockchain, and 23383 articles were collected. The study uses cluster analysis method, allowing to construct and visualize bibliometric networks and to build co-occurrences networks. The results indicate that there are positive correlations between countries, that China and the United States are part of the most influential cluster. Indicates also emerging developments in the areas of governance, industry, decision-making processes, management, internet of things, information security, and a new hot topic, energy.authorsversionpublishe

Applications of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence

Costa, C. J., & Aparicio, M. (2023). Applications of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 13(15), 1-3. [9015]. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13159015 --- The authors acknowledge financial support via ADVANCE-CSG from the Fundação para a Ciência and Tecnologia (FCT Portugal) through research grant number UIDB/04521/2020, and we gratefully acknowledge the financial support from FCT—Fundação para a Ciencia e Tecnologia, I.P., (Portugal), national funding through research grant UIDB/04152/2020—Centro de Investigação em Gestão de Informação (MagIC).Data science and artificial intelligence have emerged as pivotal disciplines in the era of big data and automation. With the ability to analyze massive datasets, uncover patterns, and predict outcomes, these technologies have found applications in numerous sectors, revolutionizing how we interact with information and make decisions. Here, we highlight some of the most significant applications of data science and AI and their impact on various industries.publishersversionpublishe

El impacto de la inflación en la distribución del ingreso: la importancia del nivel de desigualdad del ingreso inicial

Varios autores han enfocado sus investigaciones en analizar hasta qué punto la política monetaria sería importante para evitar distorsiones mayores en la distribución del ingreso. La evidencia empírica indica que una inflación baja y controlada resulta progresiva. Por otro lado, un choque inflacionario fuerte y no anticipado funciona como un impuesto regresivo. El presente estudio parte de la premisa que en los países menos equitativos, en términos de la distribución del ingreso, la inflación genera impactos más significativos sobre la desigualdad del ingreso que en los países más equitativos. Así, el rol de la política monetaria en un país con una elevada desigualdad del ingreso sería más importante dado que un choque inflacionario tendría consecuencias mayores en su economía que en las demás. Se desarrollan distintas especificaciones de modelos de panel estático y panel dinámico, controlando por otras variables encontradas al interior de la literatura y por la presencia de endogeneidad o exogeneidad débil entre algunas de ellas y el nivel de desigualdad. A partir de los resultados obtenidos, se verifica la presencia de un cambio de la relación entre la inflación y la desigualdad según el nivel de desigualdad del ingreso inicial de los países, así como la presencia de una relación no-lineal entre ambas variables. Asimismo, los resultados obtenidos respaldan que solo durante eventos hiperinflacionarios la relación entre la inflación y la desigualdad del ingreso se torna relevante.Coeficiente de Gini; inflación; distribución del ingreso; política monetaria

DESLOCAMENTO, SENSIBILIDADE AO REFORÇO E MÚLTIPLAS ALTERNATIVAS

When rats search for food in eight alternatives concurrently available and climb barriers to travel from one site to another, the distributions of times and responses often lag behind those of the reinforcers. This result may reflect the way in which the barriers are introduced into the situation. The present experiment explored this possibility with rats. Concurrent schedules of reinforcement with random interval components of different values provided food in eight levers mounted in four chambers connected to a central platform. First, the rats were allowed to enter the chambers and switch from one lever to another without restrictions. Then access to the chambers was obstructed and the levers separated from one another by 300-mm-high barriers. Finally, the height of the barriers was increased from 300 to 700 mm. The shortest visit times, giving-up times, and giving-up responses were produced when rats visited the levers without restrictions. With the barriers in place these measures increased, reaching higher values when barrier height was increased. For responses, sensitivity to reinforcement, as estimated by the parameter s of the generalized matching law, increased with increasing travel requirement, indicating a tendencytoward overmatching. However, for time allocation only one rat showed the same tendency.Key words: Choice, multiple alternatives, travel, sensitivity, ratsQuando ratos procuram por alimento em oito alternatives disponíveis concorrentemente e saltam barreiras para se deslocar de um local para outro, as distribuições de tempo e respostas geralmente ficam aquém das distribuições de reforços. Esse resultado pode refletir a maneira pela qual as barreiras são introduzidas na situação. O presente experimento explorou essa possibilidade com ratos. Esquemas concorrentes de reforço com components de intervalo randômico de diferentes durações forneceram alimento em oito barras instaladas em quatro câmaras experimentais conectadas a uma plataforma central. Primeiro, os ratos podiam entrar nas câmaras e mudar de uma barra para a outra sem restrições. Depois, o acesso às câmaras foi obstruído e as barras foram separadas uma da outra por barreiras de 300 mm de altura. Finalmente, as oito barreiras aumentaram de 300 para 700 mm. Os tempos de visita e de mudança e a quantidade de respostas de mudança foram menores quando os ratos visitavam as barras sem restrições. Com a introdução das barreiras, essas medidas aumentaram, atingindo os maiores valores quando a altura das barreiras aumentou. Para as respostas, a sensibilidade ao reforçamento, estimada pelo parâmetro s da lei generalizada da igualação, aumentou com aumentos no requisito para o deslocamento, indicando uma tendência à superigualação. No entanto, apenas um rato mostrou a mesma tendência para a alocação de tempo. Palavras-chave: Escolha, múltiplas alternativas, deslocamento, sensibilidade, rato