Dopamine Agonists Modify the Development of Brain D1 and D2 Receptor Responsiveness

Dopamine (DA) agonist-induced behavioral supersensitivity in the adult rat has served as the standard model for certain of the motor and behavioral side effects associated with long-term exposure to DA agonists in humans. The mechanisms relating receptor events with behavior mediation, however, remain unclear. The striatum of rats progresses through a prolonged and varied postnatal developmental period. In order to examine the relative contribution of D1 and D2 receptor-mediated mechanisms to behavioral changes which follow chronic dopamine agonist exposure, developing rats were treated daily from birth with a D1 agonist, SKF 38393 hydrochloride (3.0 mg/kg $\times$ 32d, i.p.), or a D2 agonist, LY 171555 hydrochloride (3.0 mg/kg $\times$ 32d, i.p.), and/or 6-OHDA (134 $\mu$g, i.c.v., at 3 d after birth). Following a drug-free interval, behavioral responses to selective DA agonists were evaluated. The results indicate that (1) prolonged LY 171555 treatments in development produced a supersensitive animal model for yawning and eating behaviors. (2) Perioral movements of high frequency could be produced by a very low dose of the DA D2 antagonist spiroperidol in rats treated neonatally with 6-OHDA, thereby providing a useful animal model to study tardive dyskinesia. (3) The priming phenomenon described by Breese and co-workers which was thought to be produced by D1 agonists only has been found in this study to be produced by a D2 agonist as well. This model provides a means for studying specific stereotypic behaviors in animals. (4) (3H) SCH 23390 and (3H) spiroperidol binding to striatal tissue was not altered in rats treated in development with specific agonists or antagonists for the D1 and D2 receptors. A neonatal 6-OHDA lesion did not modify binding in any of the agonist- or antagonist-treated groups. In conclusion, DA D1 and D2 agonist treatments during postnatal development are effective means of producing new animal models that are potentially useful for studying clinical disorders in man

Dopamine Agonists Modify the Development of Brain D1 and D2 Receptor Responsiveness

Dopamine (DA) agonist-induced behavioral supersensitivity in the adult rat has served as the standard model for certain of the motor and behavioral side effects associated with long-term exposure to DA agonists in humans. The mechanisms relating receptor events with behavior mediation, however, remain unclear. The striatum of rats progresses through a prolonged and varied postnatal developmental period. In order to examine the relative contribution of D1 and D2 receptor-mediated mechanisms to behavioral changes which follow chronic dopamine agonist exposure, developing rats were treated daily from birth with a D1 agonist, SKF 38393 hydrochloride (3.0 mg/kg $\times$ 32d, i.p.), or a D2 agonist, LY 171555 hydrochloride (3.0 mg/kg $\times$ 32d, i.p.), and/or 6-OHDA (134 $\mu$g, i.c.v., at 3 d after birth). Following a drug-free interval, behavioral responses to selective DA agonists were evaluated. The results indicate that (1) prolonged LY 171555 treatments in development produced a supersensitive animal model for yawning and eating behaviors. (2) Perioral movements of high frequency could be produced by a very low dose of the DA D2 antagonist spiroperidol in rats treated neonatally with 6-OHDA, thereby providing a useful animal model to study tardive dyskinesia. (3) The priming phenomenon described by Breese and co-workers which was thought to be produced by D1 agonists only has been found in this study to be produced by a D2 agonist as well. This model provides a means for studying specific stereotypic behaviors in animals. (4) (3H) SCH 23390 and (3H) spiroperidol binding to striatal tissue was not altered in rats treated in development with specific agonists or antagonists for the D1 and D2 receptors. A neonatal 6-OHDA lesion did not modify binding in any of the agonist- or antagonist-treated groups. In conclusion, DA D1 and D2 agonist treatments during postnatal development are effective means of producing new animal models that are potentially useful for studying clinical disorders in man

Pembangunan Suatu Model Antaramuka Kebolehkendalian-Antara Untuk Kad Pintar Di Dalam Kampus Universiti [TK7895.S62 K45 2008 f rb].

Dalam penyelidikan ini, masalah keserasian operasi kad dalam pembangunan sistem perisian pelbagai kad pintar dikaji secara mendalam samada dalam aspek teknikal mahupun aspek pengurusan. In this research, card interoperability problem in development of multi card software is reviewed thoroughly in both technical and management aspects

Preliminary Analysis of Enrichment Media Based on Physics Edupark in Cave Tourism Destination

This research is a preliminary research that aims to analyze the needs in developing enrichment media based on edupark physics in cave tourism destinations. The type of research used is the research and development using the Plomp model. This research is only a preliminary research phase which consists of teacher analysis, student analysis, and potential material analysis. The data used in this study were obtained from interviews and questionnaires given to physics teacher and 68 students from class X which is combined from SMAN 1 Lareh Sago Halaban and SMAN 2 Sijunjung students. Based on this preliminary research, the results show that media in video form has advantages for: motivating students to learn, showing physical phenomena as a whole, helping to develop student’s knowledge and skills, and helping students master the physics material. Besides that, cave tourism activities can be used as a physics edupark and as an object in developing physics edupark enrichment media in the form of videos because they have many connections with physics concepts. It can be concluded that multimedia interactive in the form of video is the most suitable learning media to be used as an enrichment media based on physics edupark.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pendahuluan yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis kebutuhan dalam pengembangan media pengayaan berbasis edupark fisika pada destinasi wisata gua. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian dan pengembangan dengan menggunakan model Plomp. Penelitian ini hanya merupakan penelitian tahap awal yang terdiri dari analisis guru, analisis siswa, dan analisis potensi materi. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini diperoleh dari hasil wawancara dan kuesioner yang diberikan kepada guru fisika dan 68 siswa kelas X yang merupakan gabungan dari siswa SMAN 1 Lareh Sago Halaban dan SMAN 2 Sijunjung. Berdasarkan penelitian pendahuluan ini, diperoleh hasil bahwa media dalam bentuk video memiliki manfaat untuk: (a) memotivasi siswa untuk belajar, (b) menampilkan fenomena fisik secara utuh, (c) membantu mengembangkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan siswa, dan (d ) membantu siswa menguasai materi fisika. Selain itu, kegiatan wisata gua dapat dijadikan sebagai edupark fisika dan sebagai objek dalam pengembangan media pengayaan berupa video edupark fisika karena memiliki banyak keterkaitan dengan konsep fisika. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa video merupakan media pembelajaran yang paling cocok digunakan sebagai media pengayaan berbasis edupark fisika

Study of Physics Concepts in Cave Exploration Activities to Develop Physics Edupark Digital Book for Senior High School Students

Even though the concept of physics is very important in daily activities, the cave exploration activities (caver and or cave tourists) are not based on of physics concepts. In addition, the teachers do not realize that through caves and it exploration activities can be used to learn the physics concepts. This research aims to study the physics concepts in caving activities where it used to develop of physics edupark digital books for senior high school students. This is preliminary research that part of research and development method by using the Plomp model where the study consists of teacher, student, and material potential analysis. This study has been resulting that many concepts while cave exploration activities. It can be used to lean the physics concepts then developing an Edupark physics digital enrichment book as a demand of the Merdeka’s Curriculum. The learning activities growth from the abilities of students who emphasize contextual learning where the students building meaningful understanding through learning and optimizing technology in learnin

The development and validation of a scoring tool to predict the operative duration of elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: The ability to accurately predict operative duration has the potential to optimise theatre efficiency and utilisation, thus reducing costs and increasing staff and patient satisfaction. With laparoscopic cholecystectomy being one of the most commonly performed procedures worldwide, a tool to predict operative duration could be extremely beneficial to healthcare organisations. Methods: Data collected from the CholeS study on patients undergoing cholecystectomy in UK and Irish hospitals between 04/2014 and 05/2014 were used to study operative duration. A multivariable binary logistic regression model was produced in order to identify significant independent predictors of long (> 90 min) operations. The resulting model was converted to a risk score, which was subsequently validated on second cohort of patients using ROC curves. Results: After exclusions, data were available for 7227 patients in the derivation (CholeS) cohort. The median operative duration was 60 min (interquartile range 45–85), with 17.7% of operations lasting longer than 90 min. Ten factors were found to be significant independent predictors of operative durations > 90 min, including ASA, age, previous surgical admissions, BMI, gallbladder wall thickness and CBD diameter. A risk score was then produced from these factors, and applied to a cohort of 2405 patients from a tertiary centre for external validation. This returned an area under the ROC curve of 0.708 (SE = 0.013, p  90 min increasing more than eightfold from 5.1 to 41.8% in the extremes of the score. Conclusion: The scoring tool produced in this study was found to be significantly predictive of long operative durations on validation in an external cohort. As such, the tool may have the potential to enable organisations to better organise theatre lists and deliver greater efficiencies in care

Burnout among surgeons before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: an international survey

Background: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had many significant impacts within the surgical realm, and surgeons have been obligated to reconsider almost every aspect of daily clinical practice. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study reported in compliance with the CHERRIES guidelines and conducted through an online platform from June 14th to July 15th, 2020. The primary outcome was the burden of burnout during the pandemic indicated by the validated Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure. Results: Nine hundred fifty-four surgeons completed the survey. The median length of practice was 10 years; 78.2% included were male with a median age of 37 years old, 39.5% were consultants, 68.9% were general surgeons, and 55.7% were affiliated with an academic institution. Overall, there was a significant increase in the mean burnout score during the pandemic; longer years of practice and older age were significantly associated with less burnout. There were significant reductions in the median number of outpatient visits, operated cases, on-call hours, emergency visits, and research work, so, 48.2% of respondents felt that the training resources were insufficient. The majority (81.3%) of respondents reported that their hospitals were included in the management of COVID-19, 66.5% felt their roles had been minimized; 41% were asked to assist in non-surgical medical practices, and 37.6% of respondents were included in COVID-19 management. Conclusions: There was a significant burnout among trainees. Almost all aspects of clinical and research activities were affected with a significant reduction in the volume of research, outpatient clinic visits, surgical procedures, on-call hours, and emergency cases hindering the training. Trial registration: The study was registered on clicaltrials.gov "NCT04433286" on 16/06/2020

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Ontogenic Homologous Supersensitization of Dopamino D\u3csub\u3e1\u3c/sub\u3e Receptors

To determine whether prolonged supersensitization of dopamine D-1 receptors could be produced during ontogeny, rats were treated daily, from birth, for 33 consecutive days with the D-1 receptor agonist, SKF 38393 HC1 (3.0 mg/kg per day i.p.). These rats were additionally treated at 3 days after birth with the neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine HBr (6-OHDA; 200 μg, i.c.v., half in each lateral ventricle) or its vehicle. At 6 to 7 weeks from birth a challenge dose of SKF 38393 HCl (3.0 mg/kg i.p.) increased stereotypy scores for a number of behaviors in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats that were treated repeatedly during ontogeny with SKF 38393. These accentuated behaviors included licking, grooming, taffy pulling, jumping, paw treading and locomotion. Although the findings demonstrate an increased sensitivity of D-1 receptors to an agonist, there was no change in the Bmax or Kd for D-1 receptors in the striatum. In rats that were treated during postnatal development with SKF 38393, but not lesioned with 6-OHDA, SKF 38393-induced stereotyped behaviors were not substantially different from control. The neonatally primed rat model may be useful for probing mechanisms of receptor supersensitivity