A quantitative-informational approach to logical consequence

In this work, we propose a definition of logical consequence based on the relation between the quantity of information present in a particular set of formulae and a particular formula. As a starting point, we use Shannon‟s quantitative notion of information, founded on the concepts of logarithmic function and probability value. We first consider some of the basic elements of an axiomatic probability theory, and then construct a probabilistic semantics for languages of classical propositional logic. We define the quantity of information for the formulae of these languages and introduce the concept of informational logical consequence, identifying some important results, among them: certain arguments that have traditionally been considered valid, such as modus ponens, are not valid from the informational perspective; the logic underlying informational logical consequence is not classical, and is at the least paraconsistent sensu lato; informational logical consequence is not a Tarskian logical consequence

Lavoro e impresa digitale tra norme nazionali ed economia transnazionale = Work and digital enterprise between national norms and transnational economy. WP C.S.D.L.E. “Massimo D’Antona”.IT – 405/2019

The present paper aims at giving a general overview of digital work in Italian and EU labour law. The first part of the research is dedicated to the issue of legal qualification in digital relationships. Specifically, it is assessed, on the one hand, if the traditional characteristics of the employment contract fit these relationships while, on the other hand, who the employer is in digital work, with special regard to platform work. Then, the supranational and transnational dimensions of digital work are explored, to see how EU and transnational labour law have regulated the phenomenon concerned. After that, digital work is analysed from a collective labour law perspective, to see which actions Trade Unions have taken. Finally, the present Italian legal framework of digital work is assessed and an inventory of general protections for digital workers is drawn

From polarisation to precarisation of the Italian labour market

The essay explores the evolution of the "never ending reform" in the field of individual and collective labour relations in Italy during the past decade, trying to underline the connection between legal interventions in labour law, the fragmentation of businesses and the creation of bigger inequalities among employees, whose importance has been clearly felt in the years of austerity policies. From this perspective, the author focuses on how the legal framework, as a result of the EU occupational and economic governance, has initially allowed a certain polarisation of the Italian labour market and then, in the most recent years, even fostered a generalised precarisation of economic and legal protections provided for workers

Il Regno. Società, culture, poteri (secc. XIII-XV): Atti della Giornata di Studi Università degli Studi di Salerno, 8 maggio 2019

[Italiano]: Il volume raccoglie i nove contributi presentati da giovani studiosi medievisti in occasione della Giornata di Studi Il Regno. Società, culture, poteri (secc. XIII-XV), svoltasi l’8 maggio 2019 presso l’aula conferenze DiSPaC dell’Università degli studi di Salerno./[English]: The book collects the nine papers presented by young scholars of Southern Italian Middle Ages on the occasion of the Giornata di Studi The Regnum. Society, cultures, powers (XIII-XV centuries), held on May 8, 2019 at the Aula conferenze DiSPaC of University of Salerno

Protons Interaction with Nomex Target: Secondary Radiation from a Monte Carlo Simulation with Geant4

The study of suitable materials to shield astronauts from Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) is a topic of fundamental importance. The choice of the material must take into account both the secondary radiation produced by the interaction between primary radiation and material and its shielding ability. The physics case presented here deals with the interaction of a proton beam with a Nomex shield, namely, a target material with a mass thickness of 20 g cm−2. The study was conducted with the simulation code DOSE based on the well-known simulation package Geant4. This article shows the properties of secondary radiations produced in the target by the interaction of a proton beam in an energy range characterizing the GCR spectrum. We observed the production of ions of masses and charges lower than the chemical elements that make up Nomex, and also a significant production of neutrons, protons, and particles

A new geostatistical tool for the analysis of the geographical variability of the indoor radon activity

AbstractThe population is continuously exposed to a background level of ionizing radiation due to the natural radioactivity and, in particular, with radon (222Rn). Radon gas has been classified as the second leading cause of lung cancer after tobacco smoke [1]. In the confined environment, radon concentration can reach harmful level and vary accordingly to many factors. Since the primary source of radon in dwellings is the subsurface, the risk assessment and reduction cannot disregard the identification of the local geology and the environmental predisposing factors. In this article, we propose a new methodology, based on the computation of the Gini coefficients at different spatial scales, to estimate the spatial correlation and the geographical variability of radon concentrations. This variability can be interpreted as a signature of the different subsurface geological conditions. The Gini coefficient computation is a statistical tool widely used to determine the degree of inhomogeneity of different kinds of distributions. We generated several simulated radon distributions, and the proposed tool has been validated by comparing the variograms based on the semi-variance computation with those ones based on the Gini coefficient. The Gini coefficient variogram is shown to be a good estimator of the inhomogeneity degree of radon concentration. Indeed, it allows to better constrain the critical distance below which the radon geological source can be considered as uniform at least for the investigated length scales of variability; it also better discriminates the fluctuations due to the environmental predisposing factors from those ones due to the random spatially uncorrelated noise

Cytokine dysregulation despite immunoglobulin replacement therapy in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)

IntroductionCommon variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most prevalent symptomatic primary immunodeficiency. CVID is a heterogeneous disorder with a presumed multifactorial etiology. Intravenous or subcutaneous immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IgRT) can prevent severe infections but not underlying immune dysregulation.MethodsIn this study, we evaluated the serum concentrations of proinflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and immunoregulatory cytokines (IL-10), as well as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and soluble CD14 (sCD14) in CVID individuals with infectious only (INF-CVID), and those with additional systemic autoimmune and inflammatory disorders (NIC-CVID), and healthy donors (HD).ResultsOur results showed increased serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 in both INF-CVID and NIC-CVID subjects compared to HD. However, elevations of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 were significantly more marked in NIC-CVID than INF-CVID. Additionally, LPS concentrations were increased only in NIC-CVID but not in INF-CVID compared to HD. Circulating levels of sCD14 were significantly increased in NIC-CVID compared to both INF-CVID and HD.DiscussionThese findings indicate persistent cytokine dysregulation despite IgRT in individuals with CVID. Moreover, the circulating cytokine profile reveals the heterogeneity of immune dysregulation in different subgroups of CVID subjects

Oral Manifestations in Children and Young Adults with Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Down syndrome (DS) is an autosomal disorder associated with mental and physical involvement. The typical craniofacial phenotype and the dental anomalies in DS subjects have been widely described, but a systematic report on the manifestations affecting the oral mucosae in children with DS is still lacking. This systematic review aimed to establish the prevalence of oral mucosal manifestations in children/young adults with DS. Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus were investigated in September 2020. Documents in English on DS children/young adults (up to 25 years) reporting oral mucosal findings were considered. Study quality was assessed with ROBIN-I. Of the 150 references retrieved, 14 studies were considered eligible. The risk of bias ranged from low to unclear. Fissured tongue appeared to increase with age and was more prevalent in DS children than in the general population. Lip fissures and cheilitis were heterogeneously reported. Candida spp. carriage with and without active candidiasis was more frequent in DS children/young adults than in controls. C. albicans was the most prevalent species. Few other oral mucosal conditions have been reported sporadically. The heterogeneity of the works revealed the need for more appropriate oral examination to intercept the oral manifestations of oral mucosa and prevent recurrent candidiasis