Arms race in the 21st century: consequences and mitigating measures

Historically, arms races generate a great deal of interest both in the academia and policy circles for a variety of reasons. They are widely believed to have significant consequences for states' security. In the debate over their consequences, one side holds that arms races increase the probability of war by undermining military stability and straining political relations. The opposing view holds that engaging in an arms race is often a state's best option for avoiding war when faced with an aggressive adversary. The 21st Century is witnessing the return of arms race amongst states. Coupling with the advancements in technology, the menace of arms race in the 21st Century, therefore, if not curtailed could lead to war more devastating than witnessed in the last century. Using basic content analysis the study revealed that the 21st Century arms races are mainly in the area of nuclear weapons, hypersonic missiles, missile defence, cyber-warfare, and space weaponisation. The arms races are prominently amongst the world’s great powers such as the United States of America, Russia, and China as well as developing states like Iran and North Korea. This study discovered that nuclear weapons are still at the forefront of arms race in the 21st Century, despite efforts to reduce their role in global affairs and to negotiate further reductions in quantity. Also, states like the USA, China, and Russia are exploiting the advantage of speed and manoeuvrability to engage in arms race in hypersonic missiles. This has prompted nations to compete in the development of missile defences in order to counter the present missile threats. Furthermore, in anticipation for future warfare, nations such as the USA, China, and Russia are in arms race to weaponsise space by deploying space to space, earth to space and space to earth weapons, where appropriate. War in the 21st Century could in turn lead to more human, material, and environmental casualties due to the latest advancement in technologies and modernisation of existing weapons and associated equipments.  Consequently, measures are needed to ensure that arms races in the 21st Century, if not eliminated, are reduced to the barest minimum in order to promote international peace and security. Renewed commitments on existing arms control measures, formulation of new arms control measures, and the complete elimination of nuclear weapons are the measures that could be considered

Arms race in the 21st century: Consequences and mitigating measures

Historically, arms races generate a great deal of interest both in the academia and policy circles for a variety of reasons. They are widely believed to have significant consequences for states' security. In the debate over their consequences, one side holds that arms races increase the probability of war by undermining military stability and straining political relations. The opposing view holds that engaging in an arms race is often a state's best option for avoiding war when faced with an aggressive adversary. The 21st Century is witnessing the return of arms race amongst states. Coupling with the advancements in technology, the menace of arms race in the 21st Century, therefore, if not curtailed could lead to war more devastating than witnessed in the last century. Using basic content analysis the study revealed that the 21st Century arms races are mainly in the area of nuclear weapons, hypersonic missiles, missile defence, cyber-warfare, and space weaponisation. The arms races are prominently amongst the world‟s great powers such as the United States of America, Russia, and China as well as developing states like Iran and North Korea. This study discovered that nuclear weapons are still at the forefront of arms race in the 21st Century, despite efforts to reduce their role in global affairs and to negotiate further reductions in quantity. Also, states like the USA, China, and Russia are exploiting the advantage of speed and manoeuvrability to engage in arms race in hypersonic missiles. This has prompted nations to compete in the development of missile defences in order to counter the present missile threats. Furthermore, in anticipation for future warfare, nations such as the USA, China, and Russia are in arms race to weapon sise space by deploying space to space, earth to space and space to earth weapons,  where appropriate. War in the 21st Century could in turn lead to more human, material, and environmental casualties due to the latest advancement in technologies and modernisation of existing weapons and associated equipments. Consequently, measures are needed to ensure that arms races in the 21st Century, if not eliminated, are reduced to the barest minimum in order to promote international peace and security. Renewed commitments on existing arms control measures, formulation of new arms control measures, and the complete elimination of nuclear weapons are the measures that could be considered

Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Penerimaan Pajak Penghasilan Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi (Studi Kasus Pada KPP Pratama Surakarta)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi penerimaan pajak penghasilan Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi di Kantor Pelayanan Pajak Pratama Surakarta dan untuk menganalisis faktor apa yang paling dominan mempengaruhi penerimaan pajak penghasilan Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi. Faktor tersebut adalah Kesadaran Wajib Pajak, Sosialisasi Perpajakan, Pemeriksaan Pajak, Jumlah Wajib Pajak, Jumlah Surat Setoran Pajak, Ekstensifikasi Wajib Pajak, Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak, dan Intensifikasi Pajak. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah Wajib Pajak yang terdaftar di Kantor Pelayanan Pajak Pratama Surakarta. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi yang terdaftar di Kantor Pelayanan Pajak Pratama Surakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari Kantor Pelayanan Pajak Pratama Surakarta. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis faktor. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa dari 8 variabel yang diajukan direduksi menjadi 6 variabel yang tersebar dalam 2 faktor. Variabel Pemeriksaan Pajak dan Intensifikasi Pajak dikeluarkan dari model penelitian karena tidak memenuhi kriteria MSA > 0,5. Hasil analisis faktor menunjukkan 2 faktor yang tersebar, ini merupakan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penerimaan pajak penghasilan Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi. Faktor pertama terdiri dari kesadaran wajib pajak, kepatuhan wajib pajak, dan ekstensifikasi wajib pajak. Faktor kedua terdiri dari jumlah wajib pajak, jumlah surat setoran pajak, dan sosialisasi perpajakan

Pengaruh Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan dan Pelatihan terhadap Kinerja Karyawan PT Bank Riau Kepri Kantor Pusat Pekanbaru

This study was conducted to examine the effect of Education and Training for Employee Performance. The population used in this study there are 182 permanent employees working in Bank Riau Kepri headquarters Pekanbaru, the sample in this study were 57 employees, type of data used is qualitative data. Data analysis technique using multiple linear analysis, t test and f test with significance level of 0.05%.The result showed that the Education and training simultaneously affect the Employee Performance. Based on the partial results of the study showed Education of positive and significant effect on the Employee Performance, meanwhile Training significant negative effect on the Employee Performance. The coefficient of determination shows that the Education and Training Care Employee Performance affect 21,5% and the remaining 78,5% are not described in this research model

The effect of family size on estimates of the frequency of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer.

Diagnosis of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is currently based on phenotypical analysis of an expanded pedigree. Diagnostic guidelines ('Amsterdam criteria') proposed by the International Collaborative Group on HNPCC are often too stringent for use with small families. There is also the possibility of false-positive diagnosis in large pedigrees that may contain chance clusters of tumours. This study was conducted to determine the effect of family size on the probability of diagnosing HNPCC according to the Amsterdam criteria. A total of 1052 patients with colorectal cancer were classified as HNPCC or non-HNPCC according to the Amsterdam criteria. Associations between this diagnosis and the size of the first-degree pedigree were evaluated in logistic regression and linear discriminant analyses. Logistic regression showed a significant association for family size with the Amsterdam-criteria-based HNPCC diagnosis. Linear discriminant analysis showed that HNPCC diagnosis was most likely to occur when first-degree pedigrees contained more than seven relatives. Failure to consider family size in phenotypic diagnosis of HNPCC can lead to both under- and overestimation of the frequency of this disease. Small pedigrees must be expanded to reliably exclude HNPCC. Positive diagnoses based on assessment of eight or more first-degree relatives should be supported by other clinical features

Evaluasi Kinerja Guru IPA Pascasertifikasi

Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan persepsi guru tentang kompetensi mereka setelah proses sertifikasi berkaitan dengan kinerja guru di sekolah dasar, sekolah menengah pertama dan sekolah menengah atas. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian evaluasi sebagai tindak lanjut dari proses sertifikasi guru. Partisipan penelitian ini adalah guru mata pelajaran IPAdi sekolah dasar, sekolah menengah pertama dan sekolah menengah atas di Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini terdiri dari dua tahapan, yaitu tahap pendahuluan dan pengembangan aktivitas. Tahap pendahuluan terdiri dari kajian referensi dan lapangan untuk mendapatkan informasi akurat tentang permasalahan penelitian. Tahap pengembangan meliptui kegiatan pengembangan dan validasi instrumen penelitian. Instrumen yang sudah divalidasi digunakan untuk emngumpulkan data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkanbahwa aspek terpenting dari kompetensi profesional ditunjukkan oleh para guru sekolah dasar dan sekolah menengah pertama. Aspek pedagogis, pribadi, dan sosial memiliki peranan paling penting bagi guru sekolah disusul kemudian bagi sekolah menengah pertama. Semua aspek yang berhubungan dengan kinerja guru berkaitan erat dengan hal-hal prosedural. Pengembangan kreativitas dipersepsikan oleh guru sebagai hal yang tidak penting

'Caught Between a Rock and a Hard Place': Anti-discrimination Legislation in the Liberal State and the Fate of the Australian Disability Discrimination Act

This article offers a critical analysis of some of the practical implications for disabled people of the Disability Discrimination Act of 1992. Specifically, it raises questions about politics and the role of the law as an instrument of social change?taking greater account of the interests of disabled people?on the one hand, and of the reliance of the social model of disability on a strategy based upon legal rights on the other. The article also suggests that the constraining effects of Australia's constitutional protections of rights and its federal system of government hinder the mildly progressive elements of the Disability Discrimination Act. To illustrate this, the paper employs empirical evidence to suggest that these effects have been exacerbated by the passage of the Human Rights Legislation Amendment Act in 1999

Distribution and prevalence of the myxozoan parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae in northernmost Europe: analysis of three salmonid species

Global climate change is altering the abundance and spread of many aquatic parasites and pathogens. Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) of salmonids caused by the myxozoan Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae is one such emerging disorder, and its impact is expected to increase with rising water temperature. Yet, the distribution and prevalence of T. bryosalmonae in Northern Europe remain poorly characterized. Here, we studied 43 locations in 27 rivers in northernmost Norway and Finland to describe T. bryosalmonae infection frequency and patterns in 1389 juvenile salmonids. T. bryosalmonae was discovered in 12 out of 27 rivers (44%) and prevalence ranged from 4.2 to 55.5% in Atlantic salmon and from 5.8 to 75% in brown trout among infected rivers. In sympatric populations, brown trout was more frequently infected with T. bryosalmonae than was salmon. Age-specific parasite prevalence patterns revealed that in contrast to lower latitudes, the infection of juvenile fish predominantly occurs during the second summer or later. Temperature monitoring over 2 yr indicated that the mean water temperature in June was 2.1 to 3.2 degrees C higher in rivers containing T. bryosalmonae compared to parasite-free rivers, confirming the important role of temperature in parasite occurrence. Temporal comparison in T. bryosalmonae prevalence over a 10 yr period in 11 rivers did not reveal any signs of contemporary parasite spread to previously uninfected rivers. However, the wide distribution of T. bryosalmonae in rivers flowing to the Barents Sea indicates that climate change and heat waves may cause new disease outbreaks in northern regions