Composite structural materials

The purpose of the RPI composites program is to develop advanced technology in the areas of physical properties, structural concepts and analysis, manufacturing, reliability and life prediction. Concommitant goals are to educate engineers to design and use composite materials as normal or conventional materials. A multifaceted program was instituted to achieve these objectives

Dispersion strengthening models

Strengthening behavior of crystalline solids containing uniform dispersion of fine particle

A Theory of Dispersion Strengthening

Theory of dispersion strengthenin

Creep of a Recrystallized Aluminum SAP-Type Alloy

Creep of a recrystallized aluminum sap-type allo

Neutron and X-ray diffraction studies on complex liquids

The above examples illustrate the extent to which present day neutron and X-ray diffraction methods are being used to determine interatomic structure in a wide range of liquid and amorphous systems. The determination of pair radial distribution functions not only offers a means to characterise different structures in liquids, but also provides theorists with information to construct realistic model potentials that can be used to calculate macroscopic behaviour and structural properties in regimes not currently accessible to experiment.\ud The well-established NDIS difference methods remain superior to all other methods for the determination of interatomic pairwise structure. The relatively new AXD (or DAS) difference methods have the potential to answer long-standing questions about the structure around species with mass number greater than about 30. However, the relatively low X-ray scattering power from light elements such as hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen etc. means that it will never be possible to resolve completely structures of biologically important liquids by X-ray methods alone. EXAFS spectroscopy has the distinct advantage over both diffraction techniques as it can be used to study local structure around particular species at high dilution. Therefore studies which combine reference data from AXD or NDIS, with extensive EXAFS data, are likely to be useful in studies of structure in regimes which prove difficult for AXD and NDIS. \ud It is clear that no one method will be sufficient to resolve structure at the required level of detail around all species in a complex liquid. Instead one must rely on a full complement of diffraction and other techniques including computer simulation to determine the complete atomic structure of a complex liquid or amorphous system.\ud On the technical front, the construction and commissioning of new neutron diffractometers with higher count rates, such as D20 and D4C at ILL, and GEM at ISIS with an optimised sample environment for work at non-ambient conditions, will enable new and more extensive research to be undertaken. Additionally, the new custom-built X-ray diffractometer for liquids proposed for the DIAMOND synchrotron being established at RAL will provide a much-needed boost for wide-ranging AXD and EXAFS investigations of complex liquids. \ud Besides the many studies of immediate interest suggested at the end of some sections, there are several investigations that will become feasible in the longer term as the technology develops. These include 1. the use of isotopes such as 12C and 13C and 33S and 32S which will enable detailed and extensive structural studies to be carried out on a wide range of biologically significant materials, and 2. the exploitation of higher neutron and X-ray count rates to facilitate real time experiments to investigate changes of structure as a chemical or biochemical reaction occurs. \ud The one strong theme which emerges from all the work described in this paper is that diffraction, especially that based on difference techniques, remains the best means to determine structure at atomic resolution in complex liquids

Generationing development

The articles in this special issue present a persuasive case for accounts of development to recognise the integral and fundamental roles played by age and generation. While the past two decades have witnessed a burgeoning of literature demonstrating that children and youth are impacted by development, and that they can and do participate in development, the literature has tended to portray young people as a special group whose perspectives should not be forgotten. By contrast, the articles collected here make the case that age and generation, as relational constructs, cannot be ignored. Appropriating the term ‘generationing’, the editors argue that a variety of types of age relations profoundly structure the ways in which societies are transformed through development – both immanent processes of neoliberal modernisation and the interventions of development agencies that both respond and contribute to these. Drawing on the seven empirical articles, I attempt to draw some of the ideas together into a narrative that further argues the case for ‘generationing’ but also identifies gaps, questions and implications for further research

Composite structural materials

The development of composite materials for aircraft applications is addressed with specific consideration of physical properties, structural concepts and analysis, manufacturing, reliability, and life prediction. The design and flight testing of composite ultralight gliders is documented. Advances in computer aided design and methods for nondestructive testing are also discussed

Composite structural materials

The use of filamentary composite materials in the design and construction of primary aircraft structures is considered with emphasis on efforts to develop advanced technology in the areas of physical properties, structural concepts and analysis, manufacturing, and reliability and life prediction. The redesign of a main spar/rib region on the Boeing 727 elevator near its actuator attachment point is discussed. A composite fabrication and test facility is described as well as the use of minicomputers for computer aided design. Other topics covered include (1) advanced structural analysis methids for composites; (2) ultrasonic nondestructive testing of composite structures; (3) optimum combination of hardeners in the cure of epoxy; (4) fatigue in composite materials; (5) resin matrix characterization and properties; (6) postbuckling analysis of curved laminate composite panels; and (7) acoustic emission testing of composite tensile specimens

Composite structural materials

Progress and plans are reported for investigations of: (1) the mechanical properties of high performance carbon fibers; (2) fatigue in composite materials; (3) moisture and temperature effects on the mechanical properties of graphite-epoxy laminates; (4) the theory of inhomogeneous swelling in epoxy resin; (5) numerical studies of the micromechanics of composite fracture; (6) free edge failures of composite laminates; (7) analysis of unbalanced laminates; (8) compact lug design; (9) quantification of Saint-Venant's principles for a general prismatic member; (10) variation of resin properties through the thickness of cured samples; and (11) the wing fuselage ensemble of the RP-1 and RP-2 sailplanes

Composite structural materials

The composite aircraft program component (CAPCOMP) is a graduate level project conducted in parallel with a composite structures program. The composite aircraft program glider (CAPGLIDE) is an undergraduate demonstration project which has as its objectives the design, fabrication, and testing of a foot launched ultralight glider using composite structures. The objective of the computer aided design (COMPAD) portion of the composites project is to provide computer tools for the analysis and design of composite structures. The major thrust of COMPAD is in the finite element area with effort directed at implementing finite element analysis capabilities and developing interactive graphics preprocessing and postprocessing capabilities. The criteria for selecting research projects to be conducted under the innovative and supporting research (INSURE) program are described