Intracellular delivery of peptides via association with ubiquitin or SUMO-1 coupled to protein transduction domains

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>We previously developed small hybrid proteins consisting of SUMO-1 linked to an heptapeptide fused to the Tat protein transduction domain (PTD). The heptapeptide motif was selected from a library of random sequences to specifically bind HIV-1 regulatory proteins Tat or Rev. These constructs, named SHP, are able to enter primary lymphocytes and some of them inhibit HIV-1 replication. Considering these positive results and other data from the literature, we further tested the ability of ubiquitin or SUMO-1 linked to various PTD at their N-terminus to deliver within cells proteins or peptides fused downstream of their diglycine motif. In this system it is expected that the intracellular ubiquitin or SUMO-1 hydrolases cleave the PTD-Ub or PTD-SUMO-1 modules from the cargo polypeptide, thereby allowing its delivery under an unmodified form.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Several bacterial expression vectors have been constructed to produce modular proteins containing from the N- to the C-terminus: the FLAG epitope, a cleavage site for a protease, a PTD, human ubiquitin or SUMO-1, and either GFP or the HA epitope. Nine different PTDs were tested, including the Tat basic domain, wild type or with various mutations, and stretches of arginine or lysine. It was observed that some of these PTDs, mainly the Tat PTD and seven or nine residues long polyarginine motifs, caused association of the hybrid proteins with cells, but none of these constructs were delivered to the cytosol. This conclusion was derived from biochemical and immunofluorescence studies, and also from the fact that free cargo protein resulting from cleavage by proteases after ubiquitin or SUMO-1 was never observed. However, in agreement with our previous observations, mutation of the diglycine motif into alanine-arginine, as in the SHP constructs, allows cytosol entry demonstrated by immunofluorescence observations on living cells and by cell fractionation analyses. This process results from a non-endocytic pathway.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our observations indicate that fusion of SUMO-1 to a peptide-PTD module allows generation of a stable hybrid protein that is easily produced in bacteria and which efficiently enters into cells but this property necessitates mutation of the diglycine motif at the end of SUMO-1, thereby impairing delivery of the peptide alone.</p

Modulation of HIV-1 Rev protein abundance and activity by polyubiquitination with unconventional Lys-33 branching

AbstractThe HIV-1 Rev protein plays a key role in virus replication by allowing export to the cytoplasm of unspliced or singly-spliced RNAs. In this report, we investigated whether Rev is modified by ubiquitination or sumoylation. Whereas no evidence of sumoylation was obtained, transient expression experiments showed that ubiquitin conjugates to Rev as high molecular weight polyubiquitin chains. Mutation of the three lysine residues of Rev showed that the site of ubiquitin conjugation is Lys-115. Experiments with ubiquitin mutants including a single lysine at every seven possible position indicated that branching of the polyubiquitin chains mainly involves Lys-33. Mutation of Rev Lys-115 to arginine reduces markedly the steady state amount of the protein, but does not impair its ability to export RNA via the Rev response element. These observations support the notion that polyubiquitination of Rev stabilizes the viral protein but hinders its activity

A transcriptomic analysis of human centromeric and pericentric sequences in normal and tumor cells

Although there is now evidence that the expression of centromeric (CT) and pericentric (PCT) sequences are key players in major genomic functions, their transcriptional status in human cells is still poorly known. The main reason for this lack of data is the complexity and high level of polymorphism of these repeated sequences, which hampers straightforward analyses by available transcriptomic approaches. Here a transcriptomic macro-array dedicated to the analysis of CT and PCT expression is developed and validated in heat-shocked (HS) HeLa cells. For the first time, the expression status of CT and PCT sequences is analyzed in a series of normal and cancer human cells and tissues demonstrating that they are repressed in all normal tissues except in the testis, where PCT transcripts are found. Moreover, PCT sequences are specifically expressed in HS cells in a Heat-Shock Factor 1 (HSF1)-dependent fashion, and we show here that another independent pathway, involving DNA hypo-methylation, can also trigger their expression. Interestingly, CT and PCT were found illegitimately expressed in somatic cancer samples, whereas PCT were repressed in testis cancer, suggesting that the expression of CT and PCT sequences may represent a good indicator of epigenetic deregulations occurring in response to environmental changes or in cell transformation

Régulation de l'activité de la protéine Rev du HIV-1 par des modifications post-traductionnelles et inhibition de sa fonction par des peptides actifs à partir du milieu extracellulaire

The HIV-1 Rev protein plays a key role in virus replication by allowing export to the cytoplasm of unspliced or singly-spliced mRNAs. To inhibit its function, we developed peptides which are able to recognize Rev and to inhibit its function, named SHPR (Sumo Heptapeptide Protein transduction domain for binding Rev). We showed that these peptides are able to passively penetrate within cells and to reach the nucleus, where they induce Rev degradation, mostly by the proteasome pathway. Through mutagenesis experiments, we determined the contribution of each of the SHPR domains to the antiviral effect, and demonstrated that few of them can be optimized so as to enhance SHPR efficiency. We have also shown that, whereas Rev is not regulated by sumoylation, it can be modified by addition of a polyubiquitin chain, which stabilizes the protein but hindersLa protéine Rev du HIV-1 joue un rôle essentiel dans le cycle viral en permettant l'export vers le cytoplasme des ARNm viraux non ou partiellement épissés. Dans la perspective d'inhiber cette fonction, nous avons mis au point des peptides capables de reconnaître Rev et d'inhiber sa fonction, appelés SHPR (Sumo Heptapeptide Protein transduction domain for binding Rev). Nous avons établi que ces peptides sont capables de diffuser à travers les membranes plasmiques pour atteindre ensuite le noyau, où ils induisent la dégradation de la protéine virale, principalement par la voie du protéasome. Des expériences de mutagenèse ont précisé la contribution des différents domaines des SHPR dans l'action antivirale, et ont démontré que peu d'améliorations sont possibles pour optimiser leurs propriétés. Enfin, nous avons montré que Rev n'est pas régulée par sumoylation mais qu'elle peut être modifiée par addition d'une chaîne de polyubiquitine, qui stabilise la protéine mais module son activit

Régulation de l activité de la protéine Rev du HIV-1 par des modifications post-traductionnelles et inhibition de sa fonction par des peptides actifs à partir du milieu extracellulaire

La protéine Rev du HIV-1 joue un rôle essentiel dans le cycle viral en permettant l export vers le cytoplasme des ARNm viraux non ou partiellement épissés. Dans la perspective d inhiber cette fonction, nous avons mis au point des peptides capables de reconnaître Rev et d inhiber sa fonction, appelés SHPR (Sumo Heptapeptide Protein transduction domain for binding Rev). Nous avons établi que ces peptides sont capables de diffuser à travers les membranes plasmiques pour atteindre ensuite le noyau, où ils induisent la dégradation de la protéine virale, principalement par la voie du protéasome. Des expériences de mutagenèse ont précisé la contribution des différents domaines des SHPR dans l action antivirale, et ont démontré que peu d améliorations sont possibles pour optimiser leurs propriétés. Enfin, nous avons montré que Rev n est pas régulée par sumoylation mais qu elle peut être modifiée par addition d une chaîne de polyubiquitine, qui stabilise la protéine mais module son activité.The HIV-1 Rev protein plays a key role in virus replication by allowing export to the cytoplasm of unspliced or singly-spliced mRNAs. To inhibit its function, we developed peptides which are able to recognize Rev and to inhibit its function, named SHPR (Sumo Heptapeptide Protein transduction domain for binding Rev). We showed that these peptides are able to passively penetrate within cells and to reach the nucleus, where they induce Rev degradation, mostly by the proteasome pathway. Through mutagenesis experiments, we determined the contribution of each of the SHPR domains to the antiviral effect, and demonstrated that few of them can be optimized so as to enhance SHPR efficiency. We have also shown that, whereas Rev is not regulated by sumoylation, it can be modified by addition of a polyubiquitin chain, which stabilizes the protein but hinders its activity.LYON-ENS Sciences (693872304) / SudocSudocFranceF

Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by cell-penetrating peptides binding rev

International audienceNew therapeutic agents able to block HIV-1 replication are eagerly sought after to increase the possibilities of treatment of resistant viral strains. In this report, we describe a rational strategy to identify small peptide sequences owning the dual property of penetrating within lymphocytes and of binding to a protein target. Such sequences were identified for two important HIV-1 regulatory proteins, Tat and Rev. Their association to a stabilizing domain consisting of human small ubiquitin-related modifier-1 (SUMO-1) allowed the generation of small proteins named SUMO-1 heptapeptide protein transduction domain for binding Tat (SHPT) and SUMO-1 heptapeptide protein transduction domain for binding Rev (SHPR), which are stable and efficiently penetrate within primary lymphocytes. Analysis of the antiviral activity of these proteins showed that one SHPR is active in both primary lymphocytes and macrophages, whereas one SHPT is active only in the latter cells. These proteins may represent prototypes of new therapeutic agents targeting the crucial functions exerted by both viral regulatory factors

Aberrant activation of five embryonic stem cell-specific genes robustly predicts a high risk of relapse in breast cancers

Abstract Background In breast cancer, as in all cancers, genetic and epigenetic deregulations can result in out-of-context expressions of a set of normally silent tissue-specific genes. The activation of some of these genes in various cancers empowers tumours cells with new properties and drives enhanced proliferation and metastatic activity, leading to a poor survival prognosis. Results In this work, we undertook an unprecedented systematic and unbiased analysis of out-of-context activations of a specific set of tissue-specific genes from testis, placenta and embryonic stem cells, not expressed in normal breast tissue as a source of novel prognostic biomarkers. To this end, we combined a strict machine learning framework of transcriptomic data analysis, and successfully created a new robust tool, validated in several independent datasets, which is able to identify patients with a high risk of relapse. This unbiased approach allowed us to identify a panel of five biomarkers, DNMT3B, EXO1, MCM10, CENPF and CENPE, that are robustly and significantly associated with disease-free survival prognosis in breast cancer. Based on these findings, we created a new Gene Expression Classifier (GEC) that stratifies patients. Additionally, thanks to the identified GEC, we were able to paint the specific molecular portraits of the particularly aggressive tumours, which show characteristics of male germ cells, with a particular metabolic gene signature, associated with an enrichment in pro-metastatic and pro-proliferation gene expression. Conclusions The GEC classifier is able to reliably identify patients with a high risk of relapse at early stages of the disease. We especially recommend to use the GEC tool for patients with the luminal-A molecular subtype of breast cancer, generally considered of a favourable disease-free survival prognosis, to detect the fraction of patients undergoing a high risk of relapse

The combined detection of Amphiregulin, Cyclin A1 and DDX20/Gemin3 expression predicts aggressive forms of oral squamous cell carcinoma

International audienceBACKGROUND: Large-scale genetic and epigenetic deregulations enable cancer cells to ectopically activate tissue-specific expression programmes. A specifically designed strategy was applied to oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) in order to detect ectopic gene activations and develop a prognostic stratification test. METHODS: A dedicated original prognosis biomarker discovery approach was implemented using genome-wide transcriptomic data of OSCC, including training and validation cohorts. Abnormal expressions of silent genes were systematically detected, correlated with survival probabilities and evaluated as predictive biomarkers. The resulting stratification test was confirmed in an independent cohort using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: A specific gene expression signature, including a combination of three genes, AREG, CCNA1 and DDX20, was found associated with high-risk OSCC in univariate and multivariate analyses. It was translated into an immunohistochemistry-based test, which successfully stratified patients of our own independent cohort. DISCUSSION: The exploration of the whole gene expression profile characterising aggressive OSCC tumours highlights their enhanced proliferative and poorly differentiated intrinsic nature. Experimental targeting of CCNA1 in OSCC cells is associated with a shift of transcriptomic signature towards the less aggressive form of OSCC, suggesting that CCNA1 could be a good target for therapeutic approaches

HDAC6 controls the kinetics of platelet activation.

International audienceHDAC6, a major cytoplasmic deacetylase, is shown here to fine-tune the kinetics of platelet activation, a process that must be precisely regulated to ensure hemostasis after blood vessel injury while preventing pathologic thrombus formation. The discoid shape of resting platelets in the circulation is maintained by several highly acetylated microtubules organized in a marginal band. During platelet activation, microtubules undergo major reorganizations, which contribute to the shape change of activating platelets. We show that, during these activation-induced shape changes, a dramatic HDAC6-mediated tubulin deacetylation takes place, followed by microtubule reacetylation in spread platelets. In addition, although HDAC6-controlled tubulin deacetylation is not required for platelet activation, the capacity of HDAC6 to prevent tubulin hyperacetylation influences the speed of platelet spreading. These results are particularly important in view of HDAC6 inhibitors being currently used in clinical trials and represent the first example of cell signaling by lysine acetylation in platelet biology