L'encadrement temporel

International audienceDans notre communication, nous nous intéresserons au fonctionnement des cadres temporels, en nous appuyant sur l'hypothèse de l'encadrement du discours (cf. Charolles 1997). Dans la perspective de M. Charolles, un " cadre de discours " correspond au regroupement d'un certain nombre de propositions liées par le fait qu'elles doivent être interprétées relativement à un même critère, réalisé par une expression adverbiale détachée à l'initiale de phrase. Nous proposons de rendre compte de la contribution sémantique et discursive des adverbiaux introducteurs de cadres temporels dans le cadre d'une théorie formelle du discours, la Segmented Discourse Representation Theory de Asher & Lascarides

Causal relations in the semantics of the French adverb "alors"

International audienceIn this work, we investigate the causal relations possibly conveyed by the French adverb alors (then, at that time, so) in Natural Language texts. This work is part of a broader project to provide a systematic analysis of French temporal connectives within Asher's formal framework of Segmented Discourse Representation Theory

Histoire des sociétés européennes, XIXe-XXe siècles. Liens, réseaux, configurations

Maurizio Gribaudi, directeur d’étudesAnne Varet-Vitu, ingénieure de recherche au CNRS Le séminaire de cette année a été dédié à l’analyse des sources principales qui ont permis de construire, au cours de la première moitié du XIXe siècle, l’image d’Insalubrité physique et morale de des quartiers populaires de l’ancien centre ville parisien. Dans les trois premières séances, nous nous sommes interrogés sur la réception de ces images par l’historiographie contemporaine en analysant plus particu..

Histoire des sociétés européennes, XIXe-XXe siècles. Liens, réseaux, configurations

Maurizio Gribaudi, directeur d’étudesMichèle Riot-Sarcey, professeur à l’Université Paris-VIII/Vincennes-Saint-Denis Repenser le XIXe siècle Depuis plusieurs années nous animons notre séminaire à deux voix, ce qui permet des échanges fructueux. Après avoir travaillé deux années durant sur le Livre des Passages, Paris capitale du XIXe siècle de Walter Benjamin, en présence de philosophes (Irving Wollfarth, philologues (Nathalie Raoux), littéraires, historiens, nous avons trouvé la voie d’accès..

An empirical resource for discovering cognitive principles of discourse organisation: the ANNODIS corpus

International audienceThis paper describes the ANNODIS resource, a discourse-level annotated corpus for French. The corpus combines two perspectives on discourse: a bottom-up approach and a top-down approach. The bottom-up view incrementally builds a structure from elementary discourse units, while the top-down view focuses on the selective annotation of multi-level discourse structures. The corpus is composed of texts that are diversified with respect to genre, length and type of discursive organisation. The methodology followed here involves an iterative design of annotation guidelines in order to reach satisfactory inter-annotator agreement levels. This allows us to raise a few issues relevant for the comparison of such complex objects as discourse structures. The corpus also serves as a source of empirical evidence for discourse theories. We present here two first analyses taking advantage of this new annotated corpus --one that tested hypotheses on constraints governing discourse structure, and another that studied the variations in composition and signalling of multi-level discourse structures

AsrR Is an Oxidative Stress Sensing Regulator Modulating Enterococcus faecium Opportunistic Traits, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Pathogenicity

Oxidative stress serves as an important host/environmental signal that triggers a wide range of responses in microorganisms. Here, we identified an oxidative stress sensor and response regulator in the important multidrug-resistant nosocomial pathogen Enterococcus faecium belonging to the MarR family and called AsrR (antibiotic and stress response regulator). The AsrR regulator used cysteine oxidation to sense the hydrogen peroxide which results in its dissociation to promoter DNA. Transcriptome analysis showed that the AsrR regulon was composed of 181 genes, including representing functionally diverse groups involved in pathogenesis, antibiotic and antimicrobial peptide resistance, oxidative stress, and adaptive responses. Consistent with the upregulated expression of the pbp5 gene, encoding a low-affinity penicillin-binding protein, the asrR null mutant was found to be more resistant to \u3b2-lactam antibiotics. Deletion of asrR markedly decreased the bactericidal activity of ampicillin and vancomycin, which are both commonly used to treat infections due to enterococci, and also led to over-expression of two major adhesins, acm and ecbA, which resulted in enhanced in vitro adhesion to human intestinal cells. Additional pathogenic traits were also reinforced in the asrR null mutant including greater capacity than the parental strain to form biofilm in vitro and greater persistance in Galleria mellonella colonization and mouse systemic infection models. Despite overexpression of oxidative stress-response genes, deletion of asrR was associated with a decreased oxidative stress resistance in vitro, which correlated with a reduced resistance to phagocytic killing by murine macrophages. Interestingly, both strains showed similar amounts of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Finally, we observed a mutator phenotype and enhanced DNA transfer frequencies in the asrR deleted strain. These data indicate that AsrR plays a major role in antimicrobial resistance and adaptation for survival within the host, thereby contributes importantly to the opportunistic traits of E. faecium

ANNODIS : une approche outillée de l'annotation de structures discursives

International audienceThe ANNODIS project has two interconnected objectives: to produce a corpus of texts annotated at discourse-level, and to develop tools for corpus annotation and exploitation. Two sets of annotations are proposed, representing two complementary perspectives on discourse organisation: a bottom-up approach starting from minimal discourse units and building complex structures via a set of discourse relations; a top-down approach envisaging the text as a whole and using pre-identified cues to detect discourse macro-structures. The construction of the corpus goes hand in hand with the development of two interfaces: the first one supports manual annotation of discourse structures, and allows different views of the texts using NLP-based pre-processing; another interface will support the exploitation of the annotations. We present the discourse models and annotation protocols, and the interface which embodies them.Le projet ANNODIS vise la construction d'un corpus de textes annotés au niveau discursif ainsi que le développement d'outils pour l'annotation et l'exploitation de corpus. Les annotations adoptent deux points de vue complémentaires : une perspective ascendante part d'unités de discours minimales pour construire des structures complexes via un jeu de relations de discours ; une perspective descendante aborde le texte dans son entier et se base sur des indices pré-identifiés pour détecter des structures discursives de haut niveau. La construction du corpus est associée à la création de deux interfaces : la première assiste l'annotation manuelle des relations et structures discursives en permettant une visualisation du marquage issu des prétraitements ; une seconde sera destinée à l'exploitation des annotations. Nous présentons les modèles et protocoles d'annotation élaborés pour mettre en œuvre, au travers de l'interface dédiée, la campagne d'annotation

Cytopathic effects of the cytomegalovirus-encoded apoptosis inhibitory protein vMIA

Replication of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) requires the expression of the viral mitochondria–localized inhibitor of apoptosis (vMIA). vMIA inhibits apoptosis by recruiting Bax to mitochondria, resulting in its neutralization. We show that vMIA decreases cell size, reduces actin polymerization, and induces cell rounding. As compared with vMIA-expressing CMV, vMIA-deficient CMV, which replicates in fibroblasts expressing the adenoviral apoptosis suppressor E1B19K, induces less cytopathic effects. These vMIA effects can be separated from its cell death–inhibitory function because vMIA modulates cellular morphology in Bax-deficient cells. Expression of vMIA coincided with a reduction in the cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level. vMIA selectively inhibited one component of the ATP synthasome, namely, the mitochondrial phosphate carrier. Exposure of cells to inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation produced similar effects, such as an ATP level reduced by 30%, smaller cell size, and deficient actin polymerization. Similarly, knockdown of the phosphate carrier reduced cell size. Our data suggest that the cytopathic effect of CMV can be explained by vMIA effects on mitochondrial bioenergetics

Human ALPI deficiency causes inflammatory bowel disease and highlights a key mechanism of gut homeostasis

Herein, we report the first identification of biallelic-inherited mutations in ALPI as a Mendelian cause of inflammatory bowel disease in two unrelated patients. ALPI encodes for intestinal phosphatase alkaline, a brush border metalloenzyme that hydrolyses phosphate from the lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharides and thereby drastically reduces Toll-like receptor 4 agonist activity. Prediction tools and structural modelling indicate that all mutations affect critical residues or inter-subunit interactions, and heterologous expression in HEK293T cells demonstrated that all ALPI mutations were loss of function. ALPI mutations impaired either stability or catalytic activity of ALPI and rendered it unable to detoxify lipopolysaccharide-dependent signalling. Furthermore, ALPI expression was reduced in patients’ biopsies, and ALPI activity was undetectable in ALPI-deficient patient\u27s stool. Our findings highlight the crucial role of ALPI in regulating host–microbiota interactions and restraining host inflammatory responses. These results indicate that ALPI mutations should be included in screening for monogenic causes of inflammatory bowel diseases and lay the groundwork for ALPI-based treatments in intestinal inflammatory disorders

Filière « Histoire sociale et démographique »

Stéphane Baciocchi et Pascal Cristofoli, ingénieurs d’étudesArnaud Bringé et Bénédicte Garnier, ingénieurs à l’INED Atelier « Analyse des données relationnelles » Pour cette année, les deux composantes de l’atelier (« Introduction à l’analyse des données relationnelles » et « Études de cas ») ont été regroupées de sorte à présenter de manière intégrée et continue l’ensemble des opérations qui règlent la conduite des enquêtes sur les sources et données relationnelles. Nous avons rassemblé, au ..