The role of the gender in formation of empathy in personality

У статті представлено огляд наукових підходів до визначення поняття емпатії. Проведено аналіз гендерних особливостей емпатії особистості. Визначено загальний рівень емпатії на основі проведеного експериментального дослідження, канали емпатії та її об’єкти в залежності від статі. Досліджено співвідношення емпатійних каналів та об’єктів емпатії особистості.The article presents an overview of scientific approaches to The notion of empathy. Analysis of gender peculiarities of personality empathy is performed. The overall level of empathy on the basis of conducted experimental Studies, channels of empathy and its objects depending on gender. Investigated Ratio of empathic channels and personality empathy objects

Institutionalizing climate change mitigation in the Global South: Current trends and future research

Following the Paris Agreement, states and non-state actors have pledged countless commitments to mitigate climate change. Yet, translating these words into tangible action and institutionalizing mitigation efforts remains a key challenge in post-Paris climate governance. This is particularly prevalent in the Global South, where carbon emissions are expected to grow most significantly over the next decades. Besides, efforts to tackle the climate crisis compete with other human development priorities. With this review, we explore the prospects and challenges of institutionalizing climate change mitigation in the Global South. We (1) map the field in terms of concepts, methods, regions, sectors, and topics; (2) suggest a differentiation between reform-oriented, transformative, and failed attempts to institutionalize climate change mitigation, and (3) propose a future research agenda. We conclude that a stronger emphasis on institutionalization as a political, societal, and discursive challenge is crucial for implementing, sustaining, and enhancing climate change mitigation in the Global Sout

External noise-induced phenomena in CO oxidation on single crystal surfaces

7 pages, 6 figures.-- PACS 81.65.Mq, 82.65.+r, 82.20.-w, 82.30.-bThe influence of external noise on minimalistic models for the catalytic CO oxidation on Ir(111) and Pt(111) is studied by means of the adiabatic elimination technique. Two models, which reproduce the bistable behavior usually observed in CO oxidation on Pt group metal surfaces, are analyzed. The noise is superposed on the fraction of CO in the constant gas flow directed at the surfaces and the resulting stochastic systems are reduced after the adiabatic elimination of oxygen coverage. This reduction allows us to analyze theoretically the interplay between external noise and the kinetic bistability of CO oxidation. We report the phenomena of noise-induced shifts of steady states and noise-induced jumps between stable steady states. We also present evidence for noise-induced transitions from mono- to bistability. The theoretical results are compared with simulations of the original two-variable stochastic reaction systems.We acknowledge the financial support of Project No. FIS2007-60327 from MICINN (Spain) and FEDER (EU)Peer reviewe

Seasonality of vertical flux and sinking particle characteristics in an ice-free high arctic fjord—Different from subarctic fjords?

Source: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2015.10.003 A manuscript version of this article is part of Ingrid Wiedmann's doctoral thesis, which is available in Munin at http://hdl.handle.net/10037/8293The arctic Adventfjorden (78°N, 15°E, Svalbard) used to be seasonally ice-covered but has mostly been ice-free since 2007. We used this ice-free arctic fjord as a model area to investigate (1) how the vertical fl ux of biomass (chlorophyll a and particulate organic carbon, POC) follows the seasonality of suspended material, (2) how sink- ing particle characteristics change seasonally and affect the vertical fl ux, and (3) if the vertical fl ux in the ice-free arctic fjord with glacial runoff resembles the fl ux in subarctic ice-free fjords. During seven fi eld investigations (December 2011 – September 2012), suspended biomass was determined (5, 15, 25, and 60 m), and short-term sediment traps were deployed (20, 30, 40, and 60 m), partly modi fi ed with gel- fi lled jars to study the size and frequency distribution of sinking particles. During winter, resuspension from the sea fl oor resulted in large, detrital sinking particles. Intense sedimentation of fresh biomass occurred during the spring bloom. The highest POC fl ux was found during autumn (770 – 1530 mg POC m − 2 d − 1 ), associated with sediment-loaded glacial runoff and high pteropod abundances. The vertical biomass fl ux in the ice-free arctic Adventfjorden thus resem- bled that in subarctic fjords during winter and spring, but a higher POC sedimentation was observed during autumn

Predicting non-response in patient-reported outcome measures: results from the Swiss quality assurance programme in cardiac inpatient rehabilitation

Background Quality assurance programmes measure and compare certain health outcomes to ensure high quality care in the health care sector. The outcome health related quality of life (HRQOL) is typically measured by patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). However, certain patient groups are less likely to respond to PROMs than others. This non-response bias can potentially distort results in quality assurance programmes. Our study aims to identify relevant predictors for non-response during assessment using the PROM MacNew Heart Disease questionnaire in cardiac rehabilitation. Methods This is a cross-sectional study based on data from the Swiss external quality assurance programme. All patients aged 18 years or older who underwent inpatient cardiac rehabilitation in 16 Swiss rehabilitation clinics between 2016 and 2019 were included. Patients’ sociodemographic and basic medical data were analysed descriptively by comparing two groups: non-responders and responders. We used a random intercept logistic regression model to estimate associations of patient characteristics and clinic differences with non-response. Results Of 24 572 patients, there were 33.3% non-responders and 66.7% responders. The mean age was 70; 31.0% were women. The regression model showed that being female was associated with non-response (odds ratio (OR) 1.22; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.14–1.30), as well as having no supplementary health insurance (OR 1.49; 95% CI 1.39–1.59). Each additional year of age increased the chance of non-response by an OR of 1.02 (95% CI 1.02–1.02). Not being a first language speaker of German, French, or Italian increased the chance of non-response by an OR of 6.94 (95% CI 6.03–7.99). Patients admitted directly from acute care had a higher chance of non-response (OR 1.23; 95% CI 1.10–1.38), as well as patients being discharged back into acute care after rehabilitation (OR 3.89; 95% CI 3.00–5.04). Each point on the cumulative illness rating scale (CIRS) total score increased the chance of non-response by an OR of 1.05 (95% CI 1.04–1.05). Certain diagnoses also influenced the chance of non-response. Even after adjustment for known confounders, response rates differed substantially between the 16 clinics. Conclusion We have found significant non-response bias among certain patient groups, as well as across different treatment facilities. Measures to improve response rates among patients with known barriers to participation, as well as among different treatment facilities need to be considered, particularly when PROMs are being used for comparison of providers in quality assurance programmes or outcome evaluation

Abnormal red blood cell ion transport and hypertension: The people’s gas company study

A population-based survey of 134 white men, recruited from the Chicago People’s Gas Company labor force, was carried out to examine the association between sodium-lithium (Na-Li) countertransport and hypertension. Of the 134 participants in this industry-sponsored periodic health examination, 64 were normotensive and 70 were either taking antihypertensive medications or had a systolic pressure ≥ 140 or a diastolic pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg. The hypertensives were older and more overweight. Countertransport was significantly higher in hypertensives than in normotensives. Among the three subgroups of hypertensives - untreated borderline (140/90 to 160/95 mm Hg), untreated definite (over 160/95 mm Hg), and treated - an increase in countertransport was consistently observed, significant for the latter two groups. The relationship between countertransport and hypertension was independent of overweight, with countertransport being significantly related to both blood pressure and overweight. Altered ion transport may play an important role in the etiology and/or pathophysiology of hypertension. © 1983 American Heart Association, Inc

Minimal hepatic encephalopathy is associated with a higher risk of overt hepatic encephalopathy and poorer survival

Background and aims Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is a frequent complication in patients with liver cirrhosis. Its impact on predicting the development of overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE) and survival has not been studied in large multicenter studies. Methods Data from patients recruited at eight centers across Europe and the United States were analyzed. MHE was detected using the psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES). A subset was also tested with the simplified animal naming test (S-ANT1). Patients were followed for OHE development and death/liver transplantation (LTx). Results A total of 1462 patients with a median model of end-stage liver disease of 11 were included (Child-Pugh (CP) stages: A 47%/B 41%/C 12%). Median follow-up time was 19 months, during which 336 (23%) patients developed an OHE episode and 464 (32%) reached the composite end point of death/LTx (369 deaths, 95 LTx). In multivariable analyses, MHE (defined by PHES) was associated with the development of OHE (subdistribution hazard ratio 1.74, p < 0.001) and poorer LTx-free survival (hazard ratio 1.53, p < 0.001) in the total cohort as well as in the subgroup of patients without a history of OHE. In subgroup analyses, MHE (defined by PHES) was associated with OHE development in patients with CP B, whereas there was no association in patients with CP A or C. In the subgroup of patients with available S-ANT1, MHE (defined by S-ANT1) was independently associated with OHE development. Combined testing (PHES+S-ANT1) was superior to single testing for predicting OHE and poorer LTx-free survival. Conclusions This large multicenter study demonstrates that screening for MHE is a useful tool for predicting OHE and poorer survival

CD49a Expression Defines Tissue-Resident CD8+ T Cells Poised for Cytotoxic Function in Human Skin

Tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells form a heterogeneous population that provides localized protection against pathogens. Here, we identify CD49a as a marker that differentiates CD8(+) Trm cells on a compartmental and functional basis. In human skin epithelia, CD8(+)CD49a(+) Trm cells produced interferon-γ, whereas CD8(+)CD49a(−) Trm cells produced interleukin-17 (IL-17). In addition, CD8(+)CD49a(+) Trm cells from healthy skin rapidly induced the expression of the effector molecules perforin and granzyme B when stimulated with IL-15, thereby promoting a strong cytotoxic response. In skin from patients with vitiligo, where melanocytes are eradicated locally, CD8(+)CD49a(+) Trm cells that constitutively expressed perforin and granzyme B accumulated both in the epidermis and dermis. Conversely, CD8(+)CD49a(–) Trm cells from psoriasis lesions predominantly generated IL-17 responses that promote local inflammation in this skin disease. Overall, CD49a expression delineates CD8(+) Trm cell specialization in human epithelial barriers and correlates with the effector cell balance found in distinct inflammatory skin diseases