Combined heat and drought suppress rainfed maize and soybean yields and modify irrigation benefits in the USA

Heat and water stress can drastically reduce crop yields, particularly when they co-occur, but their combined effects and the mitigating potential of irrigation have not been simultaneously assessed at the regional scale. We quantified the combined effects of temperature and precipitation on county-level maize and soybean yields from irrigated and rainfed cropping in the USA in 1970-2010, and estimated the yield changes due to expected future changes in temperature and precipitation. We hypothesized that yield reductions would be induced jointly by water and heat stress during the growing season, caused by low total precipitation (P-GS) and high mean temperatures (T-GS) over the whole growing season, or by many consecutive dry days (CDDGS) and high mean temperature during such dry spells (T-CDD) within the season. Whole growing season (T-GS, P-GS) and intra-seasonal climatic indices (T-CDD, CDDGS) had comparable explanatory power. Rainfed maize and soybean yielded least under warm and dry conditions over the season, and with longer dry spells and higher dry spell temperature. Yields were lost faster by warming under dry conditions, and by lengthening dry spells under warm conditions. For whole season climatic indices, maize yield loss per degree increase in temperature was larger in wet compared with dry conditions, and the benefit of increased precipitation greater under cooler conditions. The reverse was true for soybean. An increase of 2 degrees C in T-GS and no change in precipitation gave a predicted mean yield reduction across counties of 15.2% for maize and 27.6% for soybean. Irrigation alleviated both water and heat stresses, in maize even reverting the response to changes in temperature, but dependencies on temperature and precipitation remained. We provide carefully parameterized statistical models including interaction terms between temperature and precipitation to improve predictions of climate change effects on crop yield and context-dependent benefits of irrigation

EFICIÊNCIA FOTOSSINTÉTICA E PRODUTIVA DE MILHO SAFRINHA EM FUNÇÃO DE ÉPOCAS DE SEMEADURA E POPULAÇÕES DE PLANTAS

A pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de avaliar os componentes produtivos e variáveis fotossintéticas de plantas de milho cultivadas em quatro épocas de semeadura e quatro populações de plantas. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. Nas parcelas foram alocadas as épocas de semeadura do milho safrinha (01 e 15 de fevereiro e 01 e 15 de março) e, nas subparcelas, as populações de plantas (50, 60, 70 e 80 mil plantas ha-1). As maiores taxas fotossintéticas e eficiência de carboxilação da Rubisco foram observadas nas plantas das semeaduras de 15/02 e 15/03. A semeadura realizada em 15/02 e 01/03 resultou na maior massa de 100 grãos e grãos por espiga. Em relação à produtividade de grãos, a única época que diferiu das demais foi a semeadura em 15/02, apresentando a menor média. As maiores médias de grãos por espiga e massa de 100 grãos foram observadas nas plantas da população de 50 mil plantas ha-1. As semeaduras realizadas em 15/02 e 15/03 favoreceram os processos fotossintéticos das plantas de milho. A maior produtividade ocorreu com a semeadura em 15/02. Menores populações de milho foram suficientes para garantir a satisfatória produtividade do milho safrinha

Combined Connectomics, MAPT Gene Expression, and Amyloid Deposition to Explain Regional Tau Deposition in Alzheimer Disease

Objective We aimed to test whether region-specific factors, including spatial expression patterns of the tau-encoding gene MAPT and regional levels of amyloid positron emission tomography (PET), enhance connectivity-based modeling of the spatial variability in tau-PET deposition in the Alzheimer disease (AD) spectrum. Methods We included 685 participants (395 amyloid-positive participants within AD spectrum and 290 amyloid-negative controls) with tau-PET and amyloid-PET from 3 studies (Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, 18F-AV-1451-A05, and BioFINDER-1). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was obtained in healthy controls (n = 1,000) from the Human Connectome Project, and MAPT gene expression from the Allen Human Brain Atlas. Based on a brain-parcellation atlas superimposed onto all modalities, we obtained region of interest (ROI)-to-ROI functional connectivity, ROI-level PET values, and MAPT gene expression. In stepwise regression analyses, we tested connectivity, MAPT gene expression, and amyloid-PET as predictors of group-averaged and individual tau-PET ROI values in amyloid-positive participants. Results Connectivity alone explained 21.8 to 39.2% (range across 3 studies) of the variance in tau-PET ROI values averaged across amyloid-positive participants. Stepwise addition of MAPT gene expression and amyloid-PET increased the proportion of explained variance to 30.2 to 46.0% and 45.0 to 49.9%, respectively. Similarly, for the prediction of patient-level tau-PET ROI values, combining all 3 predictors significantly improved the variability explained (mean adjusted R2 range across studies = 0.118–0.148, 0.156–0.196, and 0.251–0.333 for connectivity alone, connectivity plus MAPT expression, and all 3 modalities combined, respectively). Interpretation Across 3 study samples, combining the functional connectome and molecular properties substantially enhanced the explanatory power compared to single modalities, providing a valuable tool to explain regional susceptibility to tau deposition in AD. ANN NEUROL 202

Influência do IMC na estabilidade postural : a relação entre obesidade e a área de oscilação na posição ortostática

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

ORIENTAÇÕES E IMPACTOS FARMACOLÓGICOS NO ACONDICIONAMENTO CORRETO DE MEDICAMENTOS NO DOMICÍLIO DE IDOSOS

A farmácia domiciliar pode representar um risco para o surgimento de agravos à saúde. Os locais mais comuns de acondicionamento de medicamentos são gavetas, dispensas, pias, dentro de caixas ou de armários e ignoram o tempo de armazenamento depois de aberto, assim como a sua exposição a altas temperaturas, luz solar ou artificial e umidade. O referido estudo consistiu numa pesquisa descritiva, com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa realizado numa Unidade Básica de Saúde, em Campina Grande-PB, realizado no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2019. Os critérios de inclusão foram: residências que possuem uma farmácia domiciliar, que algum dos moradores fosse portador de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis como Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica e Diabetes mellitus e que os responsáveis pelas residências tivessem idade acima 18 anos, de ambos os gêneros e que aceitassem responder o formulário proposto. O estudo foi constituído por um total de 30 indivíduos. Destes, 70% pertenciam ao gênero feminino, a maioria encontrava-se na faixa etária igual ou superior a 70 anos, possuía uma renda de 1 salário mínimo e baixa escolaridade. Os locais onde os pacientes comumente armazenavam os medicamentos que faziam uso era a cozinha. Pode-se afirmar que o melhor local para o armazenamento é aquele arejado com temperatura agradável, longe de umidade. A lei 13.021/2014 determina que o farmacêutico deve prestar orientações com vistas a esclarecer ao paciente a relação benefício e risco, e a utilização de fármacos de acordo com a farmacoterapia. Assim, a falta de informação sobre condições do armazenamento de medicamentos contribui para a redução da estabilidade e eficácia, é imprescindível a orientação farmacêutica sobre acondicionamento, evitando problemas relacionados ao uso de medicamentos

Enhancing satiety and aerobic performance with beer microparticles-based non-alcoholic drinks: exploring dose and duration effects

Beer is an alcoholic beverage, rich in carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins and polyphenols, consumed worldwide as a social drink. There is a large number of beer styles which depends on the ingredients and brewing process. The consumption of beer as a fluid replacement after sport practice is a current discussion in literature. A non-alcoholic pale-ale microparticles-based beverage (PABM) have been previously designed, however, its phenolic profile and ergogenic effect remain unknown. Thus, this study aims to verify the ergogenic potential (increase of running performance) of PAMB in male Wistar rats. Beer microparticles were obtained by spray drying and beverages with different concentrations were prepared in water. Wistar rats were subjected to a training protocol on a treadmill (5 times/week, 60 min/day) and daily intake of PABM (20 mg.kg-1 or 200 mg.kg-1) or water by gavage. Chlorogenic acid was found to be the main component in the phenolic profile (12.28 mg·g-1) of PABM analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. An increase in the aerobic performance was observed after 4 weeks in the 20 mg.kg-1 group, but the same dose after 8 weeks and a higher dose (200 mg.kg-1) blunted this effect. A higher dose was also related to decrease in food intake. These data suggest that PABM can improve satiety and aerobic performance, but its effect depends on the dose and time of consumption

Persistence of accuracy of genomic estimated breeding values over generations in layer chickens

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The predictive ability of genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) originates both from associations between high-density markers and QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) and from pedigree information. Thus, GEBV are expected to provide more persistent accuracy over successive generations than breeding values estimated using pedigree-based methods. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of GEBV in a closed population of layer chickens and to quantify their persistence over five successive generations using marker or pedigree information.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The training data consisted of 16 traits and 777 genotyped animals from two generations of a brown-egg layer breeding line, 295 of which had individual phenotype records, while others had phenotypes on 2,738 non-genotyped relatives, or similar data accumulated over up to five generations. Validation data included phenotyped and genotyped birds from five subsequent generations (on average 306 birds/generation). Birds were genotyped for 23,356 segregating SNP. Animal models using genomic or pedigree relationship matrices and Bayesian model averaging methods were used for training analyses. Accuracy was evaluated as the correlation between EBV and phenotype in validation divided by the square root of trait heritability.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Pedigree relationships in outbred populations are reduced by 50% at each meiosis, therefore accuracy is expected to decrease by the square root of 0.5 every generation, as observed for pedigree-based EBV (Estimated Breeding Values). In contrast the GEBV accuracy was more persistent, although the drop in accuracy was substantial in the first generation. Traits that were considered to be influenced by fewer QTL and to have a higher heritability maintained a higher GEBV accuracy over generations. In conclusion, GEBV capture information beyond pedigree relationships, but retraining every generation is recommended for genomic selection in closed breeding populations.</p

Hundreds of variants clustered in genomic loci and biological pathways affect human height

Most common human traits and diseases have a polygenic pattern of inheritance: DNA sequence variants at many genetic loci influence the phenotype. Genome-wide association (GWA) studies have identified more than 600 variants associated with human traits, but these typically explain small fractions of phenotypic variation, raising questions about the use of further studies. Here, using 183,727 individuals, we show that hundreds of genetic variants, in at least 180 loci, influence adult height, a highly heritable and classic polygenic trait. The large number of loci reveals patterns with important implications for genetic studies of common human diseases and traits. First, the 180 loci are not random, but instead are enriched for genes that are connected in biological pathways (P = 0.016) and that underlie skeletal growth defects (P < 0.001). Second, the likely causal gene is often located near the most strongly associated variant: in 13 of 21 loci containing a known skeletal growth gene, that gene was closest to the associated variant. Third, at least 19 loci have multiple independently associated variants, suggesting that allelic heterogeneity is a frequent feature of polygenic traits, that comprehensive explorations of already-discovered loci should discover additional variants and that an appreciable fraction of associated loci may have been identified. Fourth, associated variants are enriched for likely functional effects on genes, being over-represented among variants that alter amino-acid structure of proteins and expression levels of nearby genes. Our data explain approximately 10% of the phenotypic variation in height, and we estimate that unidentified common variants of similar effect sizes would increase this figure to approximately 16% of phenotypic variation (approximately 20% of heritable variation). Although additional approaches are needed to dissect the genetic architecture of polygenic human traits fully, our findings indicate that GWA studies can identify large numbers of loci that implicate biologically relevant genes and pathways.