Reduced neural sensitivity to social stimuli in infants at risk for autism

In the hope of discovering early markers of autism, attention has recently turned to the study of infants at risk owing to being the younger siblings of children with autism. Because the condition is highly heritable, later-born siblings of diagnosed children are at substantially higher risk for developing autism or the broader autism phenotype than the general population. Currently, there are no strong predictors of autism in early infancy and diagnosis is not reliable until around 3 years of age. Because indicators of brain functioning may be sensitive predictors, and atypical social interactions are characteristic of the syndrome, we examined whether temporal lobe specialization for processing visual and auditory social stimuli during infancy differs in infants at risk. In a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study, infants aged 4–6 months at risk for autism showed less selective neural responses to social stimuli (auditory and visual) than low-risk controls. These group differences could not be attributed to overall levels of attention, developmental stage or chronological age. Our results provide the first demonstration of specific differences in localizable brain function within the first 6 months of life in a group of infants at risk for autism. Further, these differences closely resemble known patterns of neural atypicality in children and adults with autism. Future work will determine whether these differences in infant neural responses to social stimuli predict either later autism or the broader autism phenotype frequently seen in unaffected family members

The fluvial forests in Andorra: characterisation, mapping and conservation state

Entre els anys 1999 i 2001 vàrem dur a terme un estudi exhaustiu de la flora i vegetació de les riberes d’Andorra. L’objectiu principal del projecte era conèixer el seu estat de conservació i quines eren les zones de major interès, tant des del punt de vista florístic com ecològic. Per això vàrem cartografiar les comunitats i formacions vegetals a una escala detallada, apta per a la gestió del territori. A partir de 24 codis bàsics de vegetació vàrem obtenir un mapa amb 345 combinacions de codis diferents, a cadascuna de les quals es va assignar un nivell de qualitat o estat de conservació. Totes les dades es van integrar en un Sistema d’Informació Geogràfica. Entre els resultats destaca la detecció d’onze tàxons nous per a la flora andorrana, que són: Bromus ramosus Huds subsp. ramosus, Crepis paludosa (L) Moench, Humulus lupulus L, Impatiens balfourii Hook, Luzula sylvatica (Huds) Gaud subsp. sylvatica, Lysimachia nemorum L, L. ephemerum L, Mentha suaveolens Ehrh, Sanicula europaea L, Silene dioica (L) Clairv i Thalictrum flavum L. En canvi, des del punt de vista de les comunitats vegetals existeix una bona correspondència amb aquelles descrites per a contrades pirinenques veïnes. Les formacions vegetals més singulars són les salzedes amb megafòrbies (Veratro-Salicetum bicoloris) i els poblaments altimontans de Salix cinerea i Betula sp. pl.. La vegetació de ribera actual ocupa una superfície corresponent només a un 28,5 % del seu domini potencial, mentre que un 57 % de trams fluvials presenten un nivell d’alteració important. El corredor ripari del fons de les valls principals ha perdut la continuïtat, mentre que als cursos d’aigua secundaris els boscos de ribera mantenen encara una gran naturalitat. Aquesta situació compromet de forma notable importants funcions ecològiques de les riberes, com ara la connectivitat ecològica o la laminació d’avingudes. Per garantir la conservació de la biodiversitat i ecologia dels rius andorrans és necessari emprendre mesures de protecció i gestió de les riberes, les quals han de tenir en compte l’existència de trams fluvials d’especial interès.Between 1999 and 2001 an exhaustive study of the flora and vegetation of fluvial habitats in Andorra was carried out. The principal aim of the survey was to analyse the state of conservation of these habitats and to identify areas of greatest interest, from both a floristic and an ecological standpoint. Thus, plant communities and formations were mapped in detail for use as a tool in territorial management. Using 24 basic vegetation codes, a map was produced with 345 combinations of different codes, and a degree of quality or state of conservation was assigned to each of which. All the data was integrated into a Geographical Information System. Worth highlighting are the 11 taxa detected for the first time in Andorra: Bromus ramosus Huds subsp. ramosus, Crepis paludosa (L) Moench, Humulus lupulus L, Impatiens balfourii Hook, Luzula sylvatica (Huds) Gaud subsp. sylvatica, Lysimachia nemorum L, L. ephemerum L, Mentha suaveolens Ehrh, Sanicula europaea L, Silene dioica (L) Clairv. and Thalictrum flavum L. In general, however, in terms of the plant communities identified, we found a good correspondence with those described in neighbouring Pyrenean regions. The most singular plant formations were the mountain willow communities with forbs (Veratro-Salicetum bicoloris) and the high mountain populations of Salix cinerea and Betula sp. pl.. We calculated that fluvial vegetation only occupies 28.5 % of its potential surface area, whilst 57 % of rivers and streams showed important degrees of disturbance. The fluvial corridors of the valley bottoms are now very discontinuous, although those of secondary water courses are still largely intact. This situation affects the important ecological functions of riparian habitats, notably those concerning ecological connectivity and flood lamination. In order to guarantee the conservation of the biodiversity and ecology of the water courses of Andorra measures must be undertaken to protect and manage fluvial habitats, taking into account the stretches of water-courses of greatest interest

Caça i protecció d'espècies protegides a Espanya

Treball presentat a l'assignatura de Deontologia i Veterinària Legal (21223

Interaction between <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>, <i>Mycobacterium bovis</i>, <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> subspecies <i>paratuberculosis</i> with the enteric glia and microglial cells

Background We investigated the interaction of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, M. bovis and M. tuberculosis and different glial cells (enteric glial and microglial cells) in order to evaluate the infecting ability of these microorganisms and the effects produced on these cells, such as the evaluation of cytokines expression. Results Our experiments demonstrated the adhesion of M. paratuberculosis to the enteroglial cells and the induction of IL-1A and IL-6 expression; M. tuberculosis and M. bovis showed a good adhesive capability to the enteric cell line with the expression of the following cytokines: IL-1A and IL-1B, TNF-α, G-CSF and GM-CSF; M. bovis induced the expression of IL-6 too. The experiment performed with the microglial cells confirmed the results obtained with the enteroglial cells after the infection with M. tuberculosis and M. bovis, whereas M. paratuberculosis stimulated the production of IL-1A and IL-1B. Conclusion Enteroglial and microglial cells, could be the target of pathogenic mycobacteria and, even if present in different locations (Enteric Nervous System and Central Nervous System), show to have similar mechanism of immunomodulation

Test–retest reliability of functional near infrared spectroscopy in infants

Abstract. There has been a rapid rise in the number of publications using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) for human developmental research over the past decade. However test–retest reliability of this measure of brain activation in infants remains unknown. To assess this, we utilized data from a longitudinal cohort who participated in an fNIRS study on social perception at two age points. Thirteen infants had valid data from two sessions held 8.5 months apart (4 to 8 months and 12 to 16 months). Inter- and intrasession fNIRS test–retest reliability was assessed at the individual and group levels using the oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) signal. Infant compliance with the study was similar in both sessions (assessed by the proportion of time infants looked to the stimuli), and there was minimal discrepancy in sensor placement over the targeted area between sessions. At the group level, good spatial overlap of significant responses and signal reliability was seen (spatial overlap was 0.941 and average signal change within an region of interest was r=0.896). At participant level, spatial overlap was acceptable (>0.5 on average across infants) although signal reliability varied between participants. This first study of test–retest reliability of fNIRS in infants shows encouraging results, particularly for group-based analysis

Optical imaging during toddlerhood: brain responses during naturalistic social interactions

Despite the importance of our ability to interact and communicate with others, the early development of the social brain network remains poorly understood. We examined brain activity in 12- to 14-month-old infants while they were interacting live with an adult in two different naturalistic social scenarios (i.e., reading a picture book versus singing nursery rhymes with gestures), as compared to baseline (i.e., showing infants a toy without eye contact or speech). We used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) recorded over the right temporal lobe of infants to assess the role of the superior temporal sulcus - temporoparietal junction (STS-TPJ) region during naturalistic social interactions. We observed increased cortical activation in the STS-TPJ region to live social stimuli in both socially engaging conditions compared to baseline during real life interaction, with greater activation evident for the joint attention (reading book) condition relative to the social nursery rhymes. These results supported the view that the STS-TPJ region, engaged in the cortical social brain network, is already specialized in infants for processing social signals and is sensitive to communicative situations. This study also highlighted the potential of fNIRS for studying brain function in infants entering toddlerhood during live social interaction

Electrochemical and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Surface Characterization of Interchain-Driven Self-Assembled Monolayer (SAM) Reorganization

Herein, we report a combined strategy encompassing electrochemical and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) experiments to investigate self-assembled monolayer (SAM) conformational reorganization onto an electrode surface due to the application of an electrical field. In particular, 3-mercaptopriopionic acid SAM (3MPA SAM) modified gold electrodes are activated with a 1-ethyl-3- (3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (NHSS) (EDC-NHSS) mixture by shortening the activation time, from 2 h to 15/20 min, labelled as Protocol-A, -B and -C, respectively. This step, later followed by a deactivation process with ethanolamine (EA), plays a key role in the reaction yields (formation of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-mercaptopropanamide, NMPA) but also in the conformational rearrangement observed during the application of the electrical field. This study aims at explaining the high performance (i.e., single-molecule detection at a large electrode interface) of bioelectronic devices, where the 3MPA-based SAM structure is pivotal in achieving extremely high sensing performance levels due to its interchain interaction. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments performed in K4Fe(CN)6:K3Fe(CN)6 for 3MPA SAMs that are activated/deactivated show similar trends of anodic peak current (IA) over time, mainly related to the presence of interchain hydrogen bonds, driving the conformational rearrangements (tightening of SAMs structure) while applying an electrical field. In addition, XPS analysis allows correlation of the deactivation yield with electrochemical data (conformational rearrangements), identifying the best protocol in terms of high reaction yield, mainly related to the shorter reaction time, and not triggering any side reactions. Finally, Protocol-C’s SAM surface coverage, determined by CV in H2SO4 and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in NaOH, was 1.29 * 1013 molecules cm2, being similar to the bioreceptor surface coverage in single-molecule detection at a large electrode interface

Coregistering functional near-infrared spectroscopy with underlying cortical areas in infants

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is becoming a popular tool in developmental neuroscience for mapping functional localized brain responses. However, as it cannot provide information about underlying anatomy, researchers have begun to conduct spatial registration of fNIRS channels to cortical anatomy in adults. The current work investigated this issue with infants by coregistering fNIRS and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from 55 individuals. Our findings suggest that fNIRS channels can be reliably registered with regions in the frontal and temporal cortex of infants from 4 to 7 months of age. Although some macro-anatomical regions are difficult to consistently define, others are more stable and fNIRS channels on an age-appropriate MRI template are often consistent with individual infant MRIs. We have generated a standardized scalp surface map of fNIRS channel locators to reliably locate cortical regions for fNIRS developmental researchers. This new map can be used to identify the inferior frontal gyrus, superior temporal sulcus (STS) region [which includes the superior and middle temporal gyri (MTG) nearest to the STS], and MTG and temporal-parietal regions in 4- to 7-month-old infants. Future work will model data for the whole head, taking into account the properties of light transport in tissue, and expanding to different ages across development

In Vitro Investigation of Thiol-Functionalized Cellulose Nanofibrils as a Chronic Wound Environment Modulator

There is currently a huge need for new, improved therapeutic approaches for the treatment of chronic wounds. One promising strategy is to develop wound dressings capable of modulating the chronic wound environment (e.g., by controlling the high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proteases). Here, we selected the thiol-containing amino acid cysteine to endow wood-derived cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) with bioactivity toward the modulation of ROS levels and protease activity. Cysteine was covalently incorporated into CNF and the functionalized material, herein referred as cys-CNF, was characterized in terms of chemical structure, degree of substitution, radical scavenging capacity, and inhibition of protease activity. The stability of the thiol groups was evaluated over time, and an in vitro cytotoxicity study with human dermal fibroblasts was performed to evaluate the safety profile of cys-CNF. Results showed that cys-CNF was able to efficiently control the activity of the metalloprotease collagenase and to inhibit the free radical DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical), activities that were correlated with the presence of free thiol groups on the nanofibers. The stability study showed that the reactivity of the thiol groups challenged the bioactivity over time. Nevertheless, preparing the material as an aerogel and storing it in an inert atmosphere were shown to be valid approaches to increase the stability of the thiol groups in cys-CNF. No signs of toxicity were observed on the dermal fibroblasts when exposed to cys-CNF (concentration range 0.1-0.5 mg/mL). The present work highlights cys-CNF as a promising novel material for the development of bioactive wound dressings for the treatment of chronic wounds

Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in cows' and ewes' bulk tank milk samples from selected dairy farms of Central Italy

The prevalence of Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, in cattle and sheep raw milk farms was determined in Central Italy, an area in which dairy production plays an important economic role. Milk samples (n. 189), collected from 66 dairy farms in 2012–2013, were tested by a commercial real-time PCR assay. Seventeen dairy farms had at least one positive milk sample; percent positive was higher for cattle (50%) than sheep (21%) farms. Concerning milk, 15% of samples tested overall gave a positive result, with the highest percentage of positivity observed for bovine milk compared with sheep milk (41% and 12%, respectively). In the only bovine farm repeatedly sampled during the study, C. burnetii contamination was persistently found for almost a year. The prevalence calculated for the sheep farms showed a discontinuous trend with a maximum peak in February. The results obtained underline the widespread presence of the pathogen in the considered geographical area, giving new epidemiological information. Since the milk route of elimination is a potential vehicle of infection for farmers, veterinarians and for dairy stakeholders in general, BTM screening by real-time PCR can be applied as a useful surveillance tool both for the identification of infected flocks and implementation of control programmes