25 research outputs found
Saturation Effects and the Concurrency Hypothesis: Insights from an Analytic Model
Sexual partnerships that overlap in time (concurrent relationships) may play
a significant role in the HIV epidemic, but the precise effect is unclear. We
derive edge-based compartmental models of disease spread in idealized dynamic
populations with and without concurrency to allow for an investigation of its
effects. Our models assume that partnerships change in time and individuals
enter and leave the at-risk population. Infected individuals transmit at a
constant per-partnership rate to their susceptible partners. In our idealized
populations we find regions of parameter space where the existence of
concurrent partnerships leads to substantially faster growth and higher
equilibrium levels, but also regions in which the existence of concurrent
partnerships has very little impact on the growth or the equilibrium.
Additionally we find mixed regimes in which concurrency significantly increases
the early growth, but has little effect on the ultimate equilibrium level.
Guided by model predictions, we discuss general conditions under which
concurrent relationships would be expected to have large or small effects in
real-world settings. Our observation that the impact of concurrency saturates
suggests that concurrency-reducing interventions may be most effective in
populations with low to moderate concurrency
Hong-Ou-Mandel-like two-droplet correlations
We present a numerical study of two-droplet pair correlations for in-phase
droplets walking on a vibrating bath. Two such walkers are launched towards a
common origin. As they approach, their carrier waves may overlap and the
droplets have a non-zero probability of forming a two-droplet bound state. The
likelihood of such pairing is quantified by measuring the probability of
finding the droplets in a bound state at late times. Three generic types of
two-droplet correlations are observed: promenading, orbiting and chasing pair
of walkers. For certain parameters, the droplets may become correlated for
certain initial path differences and remain uncorrelated for others, while in
other cases the droplets may never produce droplet pairs. These observations
pave the way for further studies of strongly correlated many-droplet behaviors
in the hydrodynamical quantum analogs of bouncing and walking droplets.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure
Pilot-wave dynamics of two identical, in-phase bouncing droplet
A droplet bouncing on the surface of a vibrating liquid bath can move
horizontally guided by the wave it produces on impacting the bath. The wave
itself is modified by the environment, and thus the interactions of the moving
droplet with the surroundings are mediated through the wave. This forms an
example of a pilot-wave system. Taking the Oza Rosales Bush description for
walking droplets as a theoretical pilot-wave model, we investigate the dynamics
of two interacting identical, in-phase bouncing droplets theoretically and
numerically. A remarkably rich range of behaviors is encountered as a function
of the two system parameters, the ratio of inertia to drag, \k{appa}, and the
ratio of wave forcing to drag, \b{eta}. The droplets typically travel together
in a tightly bound pair, although they unbind when the wave forcing is large
and inertia is small or inertia is moderately large and wave forcing is
moderately small. Bound pairs can exhibit a range of trajectories depending on
parameter values, including straight lines, sub-diffusive random walks, and
closed loops. The droplets themselves may maintain their relative positions,
oscillate towards and away from one another, or interchange positions regularly
or chaotically as they travel. We explore these regimes and others and the
bifurcations between them through analytic and numerical linear stability
analyses and through fully nonlinear numerical simulation.Comment: 17 pages, 17 figure
Edge-Based Compartmental Modeling for Infectious Disease Spread Part I: An Overview
The primary tool for predicting infectious disease spread and intervention
effectiveness is the mass action Susceptible-Infected-Recovered model of
Kermack and McKendrick. Its usefulness derives largely from its conceptual and
mathematical simplicity; however, it incorrectly assumes all individuals have
the same contact rate and contacts are fleeting. This paper is the first of
three investigating edge-based compartmental modeling, a technique eliminating
these assumptions. In this paper, we derive simple ordinary differential
equation models capturing social heterogeneity (heterogeneous contact rates)
while explicitly considering the impact of contact duration. We introduce a
graphical interpretation allowing for easy derivation and communication of the
model. This paper focuses on the technique and how to apply it in different
contexts. The companion papers investigate choosing the appropriate level of
complexity for a model and how to apply edge-based compartmental modeling to
populations with various sub-structures
Modelling intrusions through quiescent and moving ambients
Volcanic eruptions commonly produce buoyant ash-laden plumes that rise through the stratified atmosphere. On reaching their level of neutral buoyancy, these plumes cease rising and transition to horizontally spreading intrusions. Such intrusions occur widely in density-stratified fluid environments, and in this paper we develop a shallow-layer model that governs their motion. We couple this dynamical model to a model for particle transport and sedimentation, to predict both the time-dependent distribution of ash within volcanic intrusions and the flux of ash that falls towards the ground. In an otherwise quiescent atmosphere, the intrusions spread axisymmetrically. We find that the buoyancy-inertial scalings previously identified for continuously supplied axisymmetric intrusions are not realised by solutions of the governing equations. By calculating asymptotic solutions to our model we show that the flow is not self-similar, but is instead time-dependent only in a narrow region at the front of the intrusion. This non-self-similar behaviour results in the radius of the intrusion growing with time \textrm3/4 as suggested previously. We also identify a transition to drag-dominated flow, which is described by a similarity solution with radial growth now proportional to \textrm5/9$ . In the presence of an ambient wind, intrusions are not axisymmetric. Instead, they are predominantly advected downstream, while at the same time spreading laterally and thinning vertically due to persistent buoyancy forces. We show that close to the source, this lateral spreading is in a buoyancy-inertial regime, whereas far downwind, the horizontal buoyancy forces that drive the spreading are balanced by drag. Our results emphasise the important role of buoyancy-driven spreading, even at large distances from the source, in the formation of the flowing thin horizontally extensive layers of ash that form in the atmosphere as a result of volcanic eruptions
MRSA prevalence in european healthcare settings: a review
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>During the past two decades, methicillin-resistant <it>Staphylococcus aureus </it>(MRSA) has become increasingly common as a source of nosocomial infections. Most studies of MRSA surveillance were performed during outbreaks, so that results are not applicable to settings in which MRSA is endemic. This paper gives an overview of MRSA prevalence in hospitals and other healthcare institutions in non-outbreak situations in Western Europe.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A keyword search was conducted in the Medline database (2000 through June 2010). Titles and abstracts were screened to identify studies on MRSA prevalence in patients in non-outbreak situations in European healthcare facilities. Each study was assessed using seven quality criteria (outcome definition, time unit, target population, participants, observer bias, screening procedure, swabbing sites) and categorized as 'good', 'fair', or 'poor'.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>31 observational studies were included in the review. Four of the studies were of good quality. Surveillance screening of MRSA was performed in long-term care (11 studies) and acute care (20 studies). Prevalence rates varied over a wide range, from less than 1% to greater than 20%. Prevalence in the acute care and long-term care settings was comparable. The prevalence of MRSA was expressed in various ways - the percentage of MRSA among patients (range between 1% and 24%), the percentage of MRSA among <it>S. aureus </it>isolates (range between 5% and 54%), and as the prevalence density (range between 0.4 and 4 MRSA cases per 1,000 patient days). The screening policy differed with respect to time points (on admission or during hospital stay), selection criteria (all admissions or patients at high risk for MRSA) and anatomical sampling sites.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This review underlines the methodological differences between studies of MRSA surveillance. For comparisons between different healthcare settings, surveillance methods and outcome calculations should be standardized.</p
Petrophysical, Geochemical, and Hydrological Evidence for Extensive Fracture-Mediated Fluid and Heat Transport in the Alpine Fault's Hanging-Wall Damage Zone
International audienceFault rock assemblages reflect interaction between deformation, stress, temperature, fluid, and chemical regimes on distinct spatial and temporal scales at various positions in the crust. Here we interpret measurements made in the hangingâwall of the Alpine Fault during the second stage of the Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDPâ2). We present observational evidence for extensive fracturing and high hangingâwall hydraulic conductivity (âŒ10â9 to 10â7 m/s, corresponding to permeability of âŒ10â16 to 10â14 m2) extending several hundred meters from the fault's principal slip zone. Mud losses, gas chemistry anomalies, and petrophysical data indicate that a subset of fractures intersected by the borehole are capable of transmitting fluid volumes of several cubic meters on time scales of hours. DFDPâ2 observations and other data suggest that this hydrogeologically active portion of the fault zone in the hangingâwall is several kilometers wide in the uppermost crust. This finding is consistent with numerical models of earthquake rupture and offâfault damage. We conclude that the mechanically and hydrogeologically active part of the Alpine Fault is a more dynamic and extensive feature than commonly described in models based on exhumed faults. We propose that the hydrogeologically active damage zone of the Alpine Fault and other large active faults in areas of high topographic relief can be subdivided into an inner zone in which damage is controlled principally by earthquake rupture processes and an outer zone in which damage reflects coseismic shaking, strain accumulation and release on interseismic timescales, and inherited fracturing related to exhumation
Axisymmetric, constantly supplied gravity currents at high Reynolds number
We consider theoretically the long-time evolution of axisymmetric, high Reynolds number, Boussinesq gravity currents supplied by a constant, small-area source of mass and radial momentum in a deep, quiescent ambient. We describe the gravity currents using a shallow-water model with a Froude number closure condition to incorporate ambient form drag at the front and present numerical and asymptotic solutions. The predicted profile consists of an expanding, radially decaying, steady interior that connects via a shock to a deeper, self-similar frontal boundary layer. Controlled by the balance of interior momentum flux and frontal buoyancy across the shock, the front advances as (gâČsQ/r1/4s)4/154/5, where gâČs is the reduced gravity of the source fluid, Q is the total volume flux, rs is the source radius and is time. A radial momentum source has no effect on this solution below a non-zero threshold value. Above this value, the (virtual) radius over which the flow becomes critical can be used to collapse the solution onto the subthreshold one. We also use a simple parameterization to incorporate the effect of interfacial entrainment, and show that the profile can be substantially modified, although the buoyancy profile and radial extent are less significantly impacted. Our predicted profiles and extents are in reasonable agreement with existing experiments.</jats:p
Examining multiple-contact miscibility in reservoir drainage using a rock-on-a-chip
A series of experiments are carried out to exam the effect of multiple-contact miscibility on drainage using a rock-on-a-chip. The result shows the distinct behaviors depending on the composition and injection flow rate. The observations are compared with the classical parameter regime diagram for drainage displacement of R. Lenormand et al[1]