8 research outputs found
Det önskvÀrda barnet. Fostran uttryckt i vardagliga kommunikationshandlingar mellan lÀrare och barn i förskolan
Abstract
The aim of this research is to acquire knowledge about fostering young children, as expressed in everyday interactions between teachers and children in Swedish preschools. The three empirical studies in this doctoral thesis investigated partly specific democratic values such as participation and influence and partly the values that teachers explicitly or implicitly encourage and how these values are communicated to children. The thesis takes a critical approach in order to also acquire knowledge about important fostering aspects that can move hierarchal power structures towards a fostering of values characterized by intersubjectivity. In order to understand the interactions, the concepts of communicative and strategic action (Habermas, 1984) are used, as well as strong and weak classification and framing (Bernstein, 2000). Preschool fostering is also analyzed from a double perspective, with a starting-point in Habermasâ (1984, 1995a) concepts of the system and the life-world. The fieldwork took place with three different groups of toddlers in Swedish preschools. Forty-six children (aged 1 to 3 years) participated, as well as their ten teachers. The data consisted of videotaped observations of teacher and child interactions. The first study investigated how a toddlerâs participation can be understood in two kinds of educational activities where the degree of teacher control differs. The results showed how strong classification and framing risk restricting childrenâs participation and how a weak classification and framing can promote childrenâs opportunities to participate on their own terms. Important issues for childrenâs participation were found to be a participant teacher who creates meaningful contexts, where teacher control is about being emotionally present, supportive and responsive. The purpose of the second study was to investigate how very young children can exert an influence in circle-time situations in relation to teacher control. The results showed that the children do, in fact, make choices, mostly based on several fixed alternatives, and that they do take the initiative, sometimes to express an opinion or a right, sometimes to express what they want to do in circle time. It was also found that the influence young children are able to exert varies with the control the teacher exercises. It is evident that strong teacher control is maintained in different ways and that strong control does not necessarily limit childrenâs influence; it depends on the nature of the control. Childrenâs influence increases when the teacherâs control over the what and how aspects of communications is weak, and is characterized by closeness to the childâs life-world and a communicative approach. The third study examined the values that teachers explicitly or implicitly encourage and how these values are communicated to children. The analyses resulted in ten specific values embedded in value dimensions of discipline, caring and democracy. These, in turn, can be divided into different social orientations â both collective and individualistic. The values are communicated differently and the what aspect of the communication (the value) is interrelated with the how aspect of the communication; how teachers communicate influences and sometimes changes the communicated value. In order to change power structures in teacher and child interactions, three aspects of importance have been identified: teachersâ closeness to the childâs perspective, their emotional presence and playfulness. Theoretically, the aspects are within the framework of communicative action and contribute to the understanding of what the theory might mean in communication with the youngest children in the educational system
Innate immunity glycoprotein gp-340 variants may modulate human susceptibility to dental caries
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Bacterial adhesion is an important determinant of colonization and infection, including dental caries. The salivary scavenger receptor cysteine-rich glycoprotein gp-340, which mediates adhesion of <it>Streptococcus mutans </it>(implicated in caries), harbours three major size variants, designated gp-340 I to III, each specific to an individual saliva. Here we have examined the association of the gp-340 I to III polymorphisms with caries experience and adhesion of <it>S. mutans</it>.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A case-referent study was performed in 12-year-old Swedish children with high (n = 19) or low (n = 19) caries experiences. We measured the gp-340 I to III saliva phenotypes and correlated those with multiple outcome measures for caries experience and saliva adhesion of <it>S. mutans </it>using the partial least squares (PLS) multivariate projection technique. In addition, we used traditional statistics and 2-year caries increment to verify the established PLS associations, and bacterial adhesion to purified gp-340 I to III proteins to support possible mechanisms.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>All except one subject were typed as gp-340 I to III (10, 23 and 4, respectively). The gp-340 I phenotype correlated positively with caries experience (VIP = 1.37) and saliva adhesion of <it>S. mutans </it>Ingbritt (VIP = 1.47). The gp-340 II and III phenotypes tended to behave in the opposite way. Moreover, the gp-340 I phenotype tended to show an increased 2-year caries increment compared to phenotypes II/III. Purified gp-340 I protein mediated markedly higher adhesion of <it>S. mutans </it>strains Ingbritt and NG8 and <it>Lactococcus lactis </it>expressing AgI/II adhesins (SpaP or PAc) compared to gp-340 II and III proteins. In addition, the gp-340 I protein appeared over represented in subjects positive for Db, an allelic acidic PRP variant associated with caries, and subjects positive for both gp-340 I and Db tended to experience more caries than those negative for both proteins.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Gp-340 I behaves as a caries susceptibility protein.</p
VÀrden och vÀrdepedagogiskt arbete i förskolan
Values Education in Nordic Preschool
Experiences with crisis management when child sexual abuse was perpetrated by staff in early childhood education : A Swedish case study
Institutional child sexual abuse is a concern for children, families, and society. Limited research has explored how school leaders and municipalities handle cases of sexual abuse in educational settings. This case study examines how a municipality managed the suspicion that 19 toddlers were sexually abused by an educator at several Early Childhood Education and Care institutions (ECEC). A nine-member crisis management team was formed that included key persons from the department of education and social welfare. During the initial phase of the investigation, only the team members were informed about the suspected abuse. In individual interviews, team members were asked how the team was organised and how their plans were implemented. In addition, they were asked about their experiences of participating in the crisis management. Three themes were identified: the set-up of the crisis management, the implementation of the crisis management plan, and important experiences. The crisis team emphasised that a child perspective rather than a general crisis perspective was applied and this approach was operationalised by key people in the educational and social welfare sectors. This paper highlights the impact of this case on the respondents as well as implications for the educational sector
Educatorsâ interpretations of childrenâs belonging across borders:thinking and talking with an image
Abstract
European quality framework for early childhood education and care calls for creating environments that support all childrenâs sense of belonging. This study aims to advance empirical knowledge on educatorsâ interpretations of childrenâs belonging in early education settings. The study is part of a project conducted in five European countries â Finland, Iceland, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. The following research question guides the study: How do educators interpret childrenâs belonging in early education across borders? The study draws from the theory of the politics of belonging by Yuval-Davis and employs âthinking and talking with an imageâ as a methodological approach. The findings explicate educatorsâ taken-forgranted categorisations, thus portraying their views about educational settings as sites for childrenâs belonging. Opposing, joint play and being alone were identified as emotionally loaded interactions that educators interpreted as significant for childrenâs belonging. The educators emphasised democratic values, such as diversity, participation, equality and equity. However, they viewed diverse tensions in embodying democratic values in a diverse group. The shared basis of the profession appeared as a more significant basis for educatorsâ interpretations than the different societal contexts. The study encourages educators and researchers in European countries to collaborate in promoting childrenâs belonging