Itä-Suomen metsävarat 1850-1930 ja niistä tehdyt tulkinnat

TutkimusartikkeliKaskikauden loppuvaiheen metsävaroja koskeviin käsityksiin olennaisesti vaikuttaneet dokumentit ovat yli 150 vuoden takaa. Claes Wilhelm Gyldén julkaisi kartan Suomen metsävaroista vuonna 1850 ja ensimmäisen suomalaisen metsänhoito-oppaan kolme vuotta myöhemmin. Edmund von Bergin matkakertomus Suomenmaan metsistä julkaistiin 1859. Myöhempi tutkimus on pitkälti seurannut näiden avaamalla uralla. Tämän artikkelin tarkoituksena on tutkia kirjallisuuden perusteella Itä-Suomen metsävaroja ajanjaksolla 1850–1930 sekä metsävaroista tehtyjä tulkintoja. Erityisesti tarkastellaan Gyldénin kartan tuloksia muiden käytettävissä olevien tietojen valossa sekä tukki- ja polttopuun ominaisuuksia. Artikkelin mukaan ennen Valtakunnan metsien inventointien (VMI) aloittamista metsävarojen arviointia ovat vaikeuttaneet metsävarojen arvioinnin tekninen hankaluus, käytettyjen käsitteiden sisällön muuttuminen, lähteiden luotettavuuteen liittyvät epävarmuustekijät ja lähdekritiikin puute niitä tulkittaessa. Useat näistä tekijöistä eivät ole rajoittuneet vain Suomeen, vaan ne monimutkaistavat metsähistorian tutkimusta ja metsävaroja koskevaa tulkintaa muissakin maissa. Gyldénin metsävarakartan osalta ongelmallista on kartan alkuperäismateriaalien puuttuminen ja sen antamien metsävaratietojen tulkinnallisuus. Runsas- ja vähämetsäisimpien alueiden sijainti on yleisellä tasolla määritelty oikein

Effects of Art Styles on Video Game Narratives

The effect of an art style on a video game's narrative is not widely studied and not much is known about how the general player base views the topic. This thesis attempts to answer this question through the use of two different surveys, a general theory related one, and one based upon images and categorization and a visual novel based interview that aims at gaining a further understanding of the subject. The general results point to the art style creating and emphasizing a narrative's mood and greatly enhancing the player experience. Based on these results a simple framework ASGDF was created to help beginning art directors and designers to create the most fitting style for their narrative

Modular product platform design

Modular product platforms, sets of common modules that are shared among a product family, can bring cost savings and enable introduction of multiple product variants quicker than without platforms. This thesis describes the current state of modular platform design and identifies gaps in the current state. The gaps were identified through application of three existing methods and by testing their usability and reliability on engineers and engineering students. Existing platform or modular design methods either are meant for (a) single products, (b) identify only module "cores" leaving the final module boundary definition to the designer, and (c) use only a limited set of evaluation criteria. I introduce a clustering algorithm for common module identification that takes into account possible degrees of commonality. This new algorithm can be applied both at physical and functional domains and at any, and even mixed, levels of hierarchy. Furthermore, the algorithm is not limited to a single measure for commonality analysis. To select the candidate modules for the algorithm, a key discriminator is how difficult the interfaces become. I developed an interface complexity metric based on minimizing redesign in case of a design change. The metric is based on multiple expert interviews during two case studies. The new approach was to look at the interface complexity as described by the material, energy, and information flows flowing through the interface. Finally, I introduce a multi criteria platform scorecard for improved evaluation of modular platforms. It helps a company focus on their strategy and benchmark one's own platform to the competitors'. These tools add to the modular platform development process by filling in the gaps identified. The tools are described in the context of the entire platform design process, and the validity of the methods and applicability to platform design is shown through industrial case studies and examples.reviewe

Why buy a ticket? : The demand for football in Finland and its relationship with social media activity

Ammattiurheilu on ollut akateemisen tutkimuksen kohteena kasvavissa määrin 1950-luvulta alkaen, sillä sen alakohtaiset erityispiirteet sekä suoritusdatan avoimuus luovat ekonomisteille ystävällisen tutkimusympäristön. Suomessa jalkapallo on vasta viime vuosina tehnyt tuloaan suurimmalle estradille katsojien keskuudessa, ja kausien 2018 sekä 2019 välillä kotimaiset jalkapalloauktoriteetit päättivät mullistaa sarjajärjestelmän. Muutos koettiin yleisesti onnistuneeksi, ja jalkapallobuumi sai lisää nostetta alleen maajoukkueen menestyksen avittamana. Tämä tutkielma pyrkii selvittämään, mistä jalkapallon kysyntä koostuu Suomen Veikkausliigassa ja mitkä näiden muuttujien painoarvot ovat lopputuloksen kannalta. Tutkimuskysymyksen erityinen painopiste on sosiaalisen median mahdollisessa relevanssissa. Tutkimuskysymystä on tutkielmassa lähestytty sekä aiemman aihetta käsitelleen kirjallisuuden, että itse kehitetyn empiirisen osion avulla. Tutkimusta varten on kerätty dataa kauden 2019 otteluista ja niiden kysyntään mahdollisesti vaikuttaneista tekijöistä, siinä missä aiempi kirjallisuus on tälle antanut syytä. Dataa mallinnetaan kolmella OLS-regressiolla eri muuttujakokoonpanoilla. Regressiotulokset antavat tukea aiemmin esitettyjen teorioiden johtopäätöksille siitä, että merkittäviä vaikutuksia yleisömääriin on kotijoukkueen edelliskauden yleisökeskiarvolla, kotijoukkueen sijainnilla sarjataulukossa, ottelun tuloksen ennalta-arvaamattomuudella ja huonolla säällä. Tämän lisäksi aiempaan kirjallisuuteen pohjaava, mutta itse kehitetty sosiaalista mediaa kuvaava muuttuja todetaan tilastollisesti merkittäväksi, joskaan kausaalisuudesta ei voida vetää johtopäätöksiä.Professional sports have been of interest to economists in growing proportions since the 1950s, due to the rather straightforward nature of the measurement of performance and the easy access to data. In Finland, football has only lately been making its way towards the limelight of large audiences. To react to this surge of interest, the national football authorities opted for a large revamp of the league system between the 2018 and the 2019 seasons. The reform was welcomed by both partakers and the public, and the Finnish football boom continued with the help of positive results achieved by the national team. This thesis seeks to determine the factors that form the total demand of football in the Finnish Veikkausliiga with a special emphasis on the possible relationship with social media activity. The research question of this thesis is the following: what factors are significant in determining the demand of football, and does social media play a role in it? The research question is approached from the point of view of previous literature and an empirical part. Data about the matches of the 2019 season and the factors that potentially had relationships with their demand has been gathered from various sources, following closely procedures used in the relevant literature. The data is modeled with three OLS regressions involving different choices of variables. The regression results support earlier findings in the field, implying statistically significant relationships between the home team’s lagged attendance from the previous season, the home team’s position in the league table, the uncertainty of the result, bad weather, and the attendances in the 2019 season. Additionally, the self-constructed variable – based on the existing literature – depicting social media activity is found to have a statistically significant relationship with attendance demand, although no conclusions can be drawn on causality

Product Concept Metrics: a Preliminary Study Working Paper

Metrics for product concept evaluation and screening is a relatively unstudied topic of product development. Having a clearly documented set of metrics for concept screening decisions is a prerequisite for an educated and traceable decision making process. Measuring product concepts and comparing the results of pervious products and their success rates to the metrics documented for their screening provides a basis on which to improve the efficiency of product development work. In this study a list of product concept screening metrics, or issues if you please, is put forth. This list is priorized according to the importance of the metrics. The relative importance of the metrics is determined for a number of different groups, including academia and industry, along with geographical samples from Finland and the USA. Furthermore a brief study on published product concepts is presented to show that some of these metrics are indeed researched by companies and to determine the information that companies seek to obtain by publishing product concepts. Finally the realtion of the results of these studies is discussed in terms of theirimplications to the management of research and development in corporations.Center for Innovation in Product Developmen

Structural and metamorphic evolution of the Turku migmatite complex, southwestern Finland

The Turku migmatite complex in southwestern Finland is a representative area for the type of tectonic and metamorphic evolution seen within the Palaeoproterozoic Svecofennian Orogen in southern Finland. The orogeny can be divided into early, late and postorogenic stages. The early orogenic structural evolution of the crust is expressed by a D/D deformation recorded as bedding-parallel S mica foliation deformed by tight to isoclinal D folds with subhorizontal axial planes and a penetrative S axial plane foliation. Syntectonic ca. 1890-1870 Ma tonalites were emplaced during D as sheet intrusions. This deformation is attributed to thrust tectonics and thickening of the crust. The late orogenic structural evolution produced the main D folding, which transposed previous structures into a NE-SW trend. The doubly plunging fold axis produced dome-and-basin structures. The attitude of the F folds varies from upright or slightly overturned to locally recumbent towards the NW. Granite dikes were intruded along S axial planes. Large D fold limbs are often strongly deformed, intensively migmatized and intruded by garnet- and cordierite-bearing granites. These observations suggest that these potassium-rich granites, dated at 1840-1830 Ma, were emplaced during D. This late orogenic NW-SE crustal shortening further contributed to crustal thickening. Subvertical D shear zones that cut all previous rock types possibly controlled the emplacement of postorogenic granitoids. Steeply plunging lineations on D shear planes suggest vertical displacements during a regional uplift stage. Metamorphic grade increases from cordierite-sillimanite-K-feldspar gneisses in the northwest and from muscovite-quartz±andalusite rocks in the southeast to high-temperature granulite facies migmatites in the middle of the study area. Block movements during D caused the observed differences in metamorphic grade. Garnet and cordierite are mostly breakdown products of biotite and sillimanite and their growth is mainly syntectonic with D; they are elongated within the S plane and deformed by D folds. Leucosome veins were already produced during D, but in situ melting began during D producing granitic leucosomes with euhedral garnet and cordierite along the axial planes of F. Garnet is typically altered to cordierite and plagioclase in the presence of sillimanite, indicating decompression close to the temperature maximum. Pressure and temperature estimates from garnet and cordierite indicate that the granulites reached temperatures in excess of 800°C at approximately 6 kbar pressure while the adjacent amphibolite facies rocks crystallized at 100-150°C and 1-2 kbar lower temperatures and pressures. Therefore, the granulite areas represent the deepest structural levels in the area. Structural and metamorphic observations indicate that peak metamorphism was reached during the compressional late orogenic D stage ca. 1840-1830 Ma ago. Crustal thickening simultaneous with thinning of the mantle lithosphere may explain this kind of tectono-metamorphic evolution.</p

Congenital nephrotic syndrome : is early aggressive treatment needed? Yes

Congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) was primarily considered one disease entity. Hence, one treatment protocol was proposed in the beginning to all CNS patients. Today, with the help of gene diagnostics, we know that CNS is a heterogeneous group of disorders and therefore, different treatment protocols are needed. The most important gene defects causing CNS are NPHS1, NPHS2, WT1, LAMB2, and PLCE1. Before active treatment, all infants with CNS died. It was stated already in the mid-1980s that intensive medical therapy followed by kidney transplantation (KTx) should be the choice of treatment for infants with severe CNS. In Finland, early aggressive treatment protocol was adopted from the USA and further developed for treatment of children with the Finnish type of CNS. The aim of this review is to state reasons for "early aggressive treatment" including daily albumin infusions, intensified nutrition, and timely bilateral nephrectomy followed by KTx at the age of 1-2 years.Peer reviewe

Modularizing Product Architectures Using Dendrograms

A module is a structurally independent building block of a larger system with well-defined interfaces. A module is fairly loosely connected to the rest of the system allowing an independent development of the module as long as the interconnections at the interfaces are well thought of. [1][2] The advantages of modularity are possible economies of scale and scope and economies in parts sourcing [1]. Modularity also provides flexibility that enables product variations and technology development without changes to the overall design [2]. Same flexibility allows also for independent development of modules, which is useful in concurrent design or overlapped product development [3], collaborative projects, or when buying the module from a supplier [4]. Modularity also eases the management of complex product architectures [2] and therefore also their development. Modularity can also be used to create product families [5] [6] [7]. This saves design and testing costs and can allow for greater variation but one must be aware of possible excess functionality costs if a low cost and low functionality part is replaced by a higher cost part in order to use the same part in both products [8] [9]. Modularity and product platforms have been shown to be useful [e.g. 6] but there seem to be few methods to choose the best modules for a product family or joint development platform. Baldwin and Clark [1] discuss how to modularize but they do not address the problem of what exactly should be included in a module. Ericsson [2] has developed a modularization method called Modular Function Deployment (MFD) but it is intended for single products only, not product families. Also Design Structure Matrix clustering [10] [11] is intended for single products, but it has an advantage that it has been reduced to a repeatable algorithms that 2 can be run by a computer, which enables the modularizing of also complex systems. Stake [11] introduces a clustering algorithm for MFD to group functions according to modularity driver scores. He and Blackenfelt [12] also show how MFD and DSM can be integrated to combine benefits of the two methods but they are still intended for single products only. Kota et al. [13] present a benchmark method to compare own platform to competitor’s platform. The method takes manufacturing, component’s size, and material into account in addition to functionality, but it is not a platforming tool. Stone et al. [14] discuss heuristics to group functions in a function structure [for more about function structure see 15] into modules within a product and Zamirowski and Otto [7] add three additional heuristics to apply across products in a product family. Dahmus [5] et al. apply the heuristics and introduce a modularity matrix to help decide what modules should and what should not be shared across a product family. The weakness of the heuristics is that they are not repeatable since the functional decomposition and the use of heuristics depend on the user’s point of view. Our goal is to overcome these weaknesses by introducing a more systematic method for grouping functions into modules. Another weakness of the existing methods is that they use nominal or ordinal scales instead of more rigorous ratio scales. Sosa et al. [16] use ordinal scale (-2,-1,0,1,2) in component DSMs, Ericsson [2] in MFD, and Stake [11] and Blackenfelt [12] in their combined MFD/DSM approach. Dahmus [5] as well as Zamirowski and Otto [7] suggest the use of Pugh’s concept selection that is also based on ordinal scales. Kmenta and Ishii [17] discuss the problem of performing arithmetic operations on ordinal measures. Stated simply, it produces inconsistent results. Otto and Wood [18] discuss more broadly the strengths and weakness of these different type measures. Kurshid and Sahai [19] present a rigorous treatment of these measures. Ratio scales are most useful because the point zero has meaning, and mathematical operations such as multiplying and dividing have meaning, e.g., meters/second. In this paper, we address the weakness of all the above. We use a more flexible flow method [20] for identifying possible modules in a function structure and our algorithm can be put into a computer. In addition we develop a genuine metric space with a distance function that is based on the flow characteristics and we will use a ratio scale. This algorithm is designed especially for the flow method [20] but it could possibly be used also in conjunction with other modularization methods. The flow method is based on the heuristics introduced by Stone et al. [14] and further developed for product families by Zamirowski and Otto [7]. The difference is that in flow method the focus is on the flows instead of the functions in a function structure. Functions can even be ignored since often the end result (outputs) and the requirements needed to achieve it (inputs) are all that matter. The flow method was designed to identify commonalties between different products. It is more flexible than the function focused heuristics and can therefore be used also in case of joint development of a common module for even very different products. It is also applicable in product family platforming. The problem we address in this study is how to group functions in a functional decomposition, such as a function structure, to form a module commonalty hierarchy that can be used to define common modules across products. The following section will introduce the grouping algorithm. We will then go on to show an example of this method applied to four products. We will end the article with our conclusions and suggestions for further stud