170 research outputs found
Resolved-sideband cooling and measurement of a micromechanical oscillator close to the quantum limit
The observation of quantum phenomena in macroscopic mechanical oscillators
has been a subject of interest since the inception of quantum mechanics.
Prerequisite to this regime are both preparation of the mechanical oscillator
at low phonon occupancy and a measurement sensitivity at the scale of the
spread of the oscillator's ground state wavefunction. It has been widely
perceived that the most promising approach to address these two challenges are
electro nanomechanical systems. Here we approach for the first time the quantum
regime with a mechanical oscillator of mesoscopic dimensions--discernible to
the bare eye--and 1000-times more massive than the heaviest nano-mechanical
oscillators used to date. Imperative to these advances are two key principles
of cavity optomechanics: Optical interferometric measurement of mechanical
displacement at the attometer level, and the ability to use measurement induced
dynamic back-action to achieve resolved sideband laser cooling of the
mechanical degree of freedom. Using only modest cryogenic pre-cooling to 1.65
K, preparation of a mechanical oscillator close to its quantum ground state
(63+-20 phonons) is demonstrated. Simultaneously, a readout sensitivity that is
within a factor of 5.5+-1.5 of the standard quantum limit is achieved. The
reported experiments mark a paradigm shift in the approach to the quantum limit
of mechanical oscillators using optical techniques and represent a first step
into a new era of experimental investigation which probes the quantum nature of
the most tangible harmonic oscillator: a mechanical vibration.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figure
Novel Cavity Optomechanical Systems at the Micro- and Nanoscale and Quantum Measurements of Nanomechanical Oscillators
This thesis reports on coupling optical microresonators to micro- and nanomechanical oscillators. The mutual optomechanical coupling based on radiation pressure between the microcavity and a mechanical degree of freedom modulating its spatial structure thereby allows both transduction and actuation of the motion of the mechanical degree of freedom by the light field launched into the microcavity.
The first part of the thesis reports on a novel experimental approach based on cavity enhanced evanescent near-fields of toroid microresonators. It enables the extension of dispersive cavity optomechanical coupling to sub-wavelength scale nanomechanical oscillators which are at the heart of a variety of precision measurements. The optomechanical coupling present in the developed system is carefully analyzed experimentally and good agreement with theoretical expectations is found. The demonstrated platform allows transduction of nanomechanical motion with an exceptionally high sensitivity, outperforming the previous state-of-the-art transducers. Thereby, for the first time a measurement imprecision lower than the level of the standard quantum limit is achieved. In the present measurements, quantum backaction should already be the dominating contribution to the measurement sensitivity which is however masked by thermal noise.
This may pave the way to the first experimental demonstration of radiation pressure quantum backaction on a solid-state mechanical oscillator.
Moreover, the radiation pressure interaction between evanescent cavity field and nanomechanical oscillator is shown to enable actuating and controlling the motional state of the oscillator. Both amplification, leading to self-sustained mechanical oscillations, and cooling by radiation pressure dynamical backaction is reported. In addition, the capability of the near-field platform to implement resonant interaction of a mechanical mode with two optical modes is shown as well as the feasibility of quadratic coupling to the nanomechanical oscillators.
In the second part of the thesis monolithic on-chip resonators that combine ultra-low optical and mechanical dissipation are designed. To this end, the intrinsic mechanical modes of toroid microresonators are analyzed in detail. High-sensitivity measurements enable the observation of a plethora of mechanical modes and good agreement with finite element modelling is found. In particular the dissipation mechanisms limiting their mechanical quality are studied. Clamping losses are identified as the dominant loss mechanism at room temperature. Using a novel geometric design, these are systematically minimized which leads to spoke-supported microresonators with intrinsic material-loss limited mechanical quality factors rivalling the best published values at similar frequencies
High-sensitivity monitoring of micromechanical vibration using optical whispering gallery mode resonators
The inherent coupling of optical and mechanical modes in high finesse optical
microresonators provide a natural, highly sensitive transduction mechanism for
micromechanical vibrations. Using homodyne and polarization spectroscopy
techniques, we achieve shot-noise limited displacement sensitivities of
10^(-19) m Hz^(-1/2). In an unprecedented manner, this enables the detection
and study of a variety of mechanical modes, which are identified as radial
breathing, flexural and torsional modes using 3-dimensional finite element
modelling. Furthermore, a broadband equivalent displacement noise is measured
and found to agree well with models for thermorefractive noise in silica
dielectric cavities. Implications for ground-state cooling, displacement
sensing and Kerr squeezing are discussed.Comment: 25 pages, 8 figure
Determination of the vacuum optomechanical coupling rate using frequency noise calibration
The strength of optomechanical interactions in a cavity optomechanical system
can be quantified by a vacuum coupling rate \vcr analogous to cavity quantum
electrodynamics. This single figure of merit removes the ambiguity in the
frequently quoted coupling parameter defining the frequency shift for a given
mechanical displacement, and the effective mass of the mechanical mode. Here we
demonstrate and verify a straightforward experimental technique to derive the
vacuum optomechanical coupling rate. It only requires applying a known
frequency modulation of the employed electromagnetic probe field and knowledge
of the mechanical oscillator's occupation. The method is experimentally
verified for a micromechanical mode in a toroidal whispering-gallery-resonator
and a nanomechanical oscillator coupled to a toroidal cavity via its near
field.Comment: 11 pages, 2 figure
From Cavity Electromechanics to Cavity Optomechanics
We present an overview of experimental work to embed high-Q mesoscopic
mechanical oscillators in microwave and optical cavities. Based upon recent
progress, the prospect for a broad field of "cavity quantum mechanics" is very
real. These systems introduce mesoscopic mechanical oscillators as a new
quantum resource and also inherently couple their motion to photons throughout
the electromagnetic spectrum.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, ICAP proceedings submissio
Local correlations in the 1D Bose gas from a scaling limit of the XXZ chain
We consider the K-body local correlations in the (repulsive) 1D Bose gas for
general K, both at finite size and in the thermodynamic limit. Concerning the
latter we develop a multiple integral formula which applies for arbitrary
states of the system with a smooth distribution of Bethe roots, including the
ground state and finite temperature Gibbs-states. In the cases K<=4 we perform
the explicit factorization of the multiple integral. In the case of K=3 we
obtain the recent result of Kormos et.al., whereas our formula for K=4 is new.
Numerical results are presented as well.Comment: 23 pages, 2 figures, v2: minor modifications and references adde
Cryogenic properties of optomechanical silica microcavities
We present the optical and mechanical properties of high-Q fused silica
microtoroidal resonators at cryogenic temperatures (down to 1.6 K). A thermally
induced optical multistability is observed and theoretically described; it
serves to characterize quantitatively the static heating induced by light
absorption. Moreover the influence of structural defect states in glass on the
toroid mechanical properties is observed and the resulting implications of
cavity optomechanical systems on the study of mechanical dissipation discussed.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
Measuring nanomechanical motion with an imprecision far below the standard quantum limit
We demonstrate a transducer of nanomechanical motion based on cavity enhanced
optical near-fields capable of achieving a shot-noise limited imprecision more
than 10 dB below the standard quantum limit (SQL). Residual background due to
fundamental thermodynamical frequency fluctuations allows a total imprecision 3
dB below the SQL at room temperature (corresponding to 600 am/Hz^(1/2) in
absolute units) and is known to reduce to negligible values for moderate
cryogenic temperatures. The transducer operates deeply in the quantum
backaction dominated regime, prerequisite for exploring quantum backaction,
measurement-induced squeezing and accessing sub-SQL sensitivity using
backaction evading techniques
On optical forces in spherical whispering gallery mode resonators
In this paper we discuss the force exerted by the field of an optical cavity
on a polarizable dipole. We show that the modification of the cavity modes due
to interaction with the dipole significantly alters the properties of the
force. In particular, all components of the force are found to be
non-conservative, and cannot, therefore, be derived from a potential energy. We
also suggest a simple generalization of the standard formulas for the optical
force on the dipole, which reproduces the results of calculations based on the
Maxwell stress tensor.Comment: To pe published in Optics Express Focus Issue: "Collective phenomena
in photonic, plasmonic and hybrid structures
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