Coptotermes sp. Termite Attacks in Some Locations of Red Meranti (Shorea leprosula Miq.) Plantation

Red Meranti (Shorea leprosula Miq.) have been widely planted in secondary forests and logged over forest. Problems were found in the field is due to the presence of Coptotermes sp. termite attack in S. leprosula plants resulting to its death. The aims of this study were to determine the percentage and intensity of Coptotermes sp. termite attack. The method used is to perform observations of termite attack in several locations planting, i.e. in KHDTK Samboja (East Kalimantan), KHDTK Sebulu (East Kalimantan), PT INHUTANI II, Pulau Laut (South Kalimantan) and PT Suka Jaya Makmur (West Kalimantan). The results showed that the percentage and intensity of Coptotermes sp. termite attacks in KHDTK Samboja, respectively 7.3 % and 4.7 %, in KHDTK Sebulu 11.3 % and 8.2 %, in Inhutani II 5.8 % and 5.3 % and in PT Suka Jaya Makmur 5.4 % and 4.8 %. The source of termite attacks in plants in KHDTK Samboja and KHDTK Sebulu was the termite nest contained in secondary forest bordering S. leprosula plantations while the source of the termite attack in plants in Inhutani II and PT Suka Jaya Makmur was the termite nests located between S. leprosula plantations. Finally, Coptotermes sp termite attack disturbed S. leprosula plantation.Keywords: Coptotermes sp. termite attack; intensity termite attack; percentage termite attack; Shorea leprosula Miq

PATTERNS OF Coptotermes sp. TERMITE ATTACK ON Shorea leprosula Miq IN KHDTK SEBULU, EAST KALIMANTAN

Red meranti (Shorea leprosula Miq) as a major commercial timber has been widely planted in Dipterocarp forests. Coptotermes sp. termite often attacks S. leprosula Miq to its death, but the attack patterns are unknown. This research aims to get data on the frequency, intensity, and patterns of Coptotermes sp. attack in KHDTK Sebulu, East Kalimantan. Methods used were observation, recording, and mapping on S. leprosula Miq trees attacked by termites in KHDTK Sebulu. The results showed that the frequency of termite attacks on S. leprosula Miq in KHDTK Sebulu was 6.4-30.5% and termite attacks intensity was 4.7-22.1%. Termite attack patterns tended to spread and were followed by the formation of the nest to produce colonies.Keywords : S. Leprosula Miq plant, Coptotermes sp.,attack frequency, attack intensity, attack pattern

CORRELATION BETWEEN WOOD DENSITY AND FIBER LENGTH WITH ESSENTIAL MACRO-NUTRIENTS ON BASE OF STEM OF Shorea leprosula and Shorea parvifolia

S. leprosula and S. parvifolia are widely developed as source of high quality wood. The quality of wood could be affected by nutrient elements. It is important to measure the nutrients contained in tree stem including wood density and fiber length due to their influence in tree growth. This research aims to know correlation between wood density and fiber length with distribution of essential macro-nutrients; N, P and K on stem base of S. leprosula and S. parvifolia trees. Wood density measurement followed DIN 2135 standard method, fiber length measurement followed FPL method, and nutrient measurement used AAS method. Further, the observation data was analyzed using SPSS 16 software. Wood density and fiber length on stem bases of both of tree species tended to increase radially from section nearby the pith to section nearby the bark respectively. Wood density of S. leprosula ranged from 0.333-0.362 with 1.279-1.343 µm in fiber length, while wood density of S. parvifolia ranged from 0.285-0.346 with 1.497-1.805 µm in fiber length. Distribution of nutrient N, P and K of stem base from pith to bark also tended to increase. On S. leprosula, nutrient elements N, P, K had significant correlation with wood density and fiber length. On S parvifolia, nutrient elements N, P, K had a significant correlation with wood density. Meanwhile, nutrient elements N, P, K had a non significant correlation with fiber length.Keywords : Shorea leprosula, Shorea parvifolia, base of the stem, wood quality distribution, nutrient distribution

PROFIL FITOKIMIA DAN GC-MS DAUN SIRIH HITAM (Piper betle L.) DARI SEKITAR KHDTK LABANAN, KABUPATEN BERAU

Warga sekitar KHDTK (Kawasan Hutan Dengan Tujuan Khusus) Labanan, Kabupaten Berau memanfaatkantumbuhan obat untuk menjaga kesehatan tubuh, salah satunya adalah daun Sirih hitam. Secara taksonomi,Sirih Hitam memiliki nama latin Piper betle L., namun memiliki sedikit perbedaan morfologi daun. Adanyaperbedaan morfologi memungkinkan adanya perbedaan sifat kimia yang terkandung dalam daun Sirih Hitam.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komponen fitokimia dan menduga kandungan kimia daun sirihhitam menggunakan GC-MS sebagai dasar pertimbangan dalam pemanfaatan daun Sirih Hitam pada skalayang lebih luas. Daun Sirih Hitam yang diperoleh diserbukkan dan dimaserasi dengan pelarut etanol 96% v/v.Ekstrak yang telah dipekatkan kemudian diuji fitokimia dan GC-MS. Hasil uji fitokimia daun Sirih Hitammengandung alkaloid, flavonoid, dan terpenoid. Hasil uji GC-MS pada daun Sirih Hitam mengandung 3 (tiga)komponen utama, yaitu cyclohexene methanol sebanyak 29,92%, 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl estersebanyak 9,57%, 9-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester sebesar 7,02%, dan beberapa senyawa lain yangkonsentrasinya lebih kecil dari 7%

Pembuatan Ekstrak Rhizophora mucronata Sebagai Bahan Baku Inhibitor Korosi Skala Lab dan Skala Aplikasi

Pembuatan inhibitor dalam bentuk ekstrak pekat dari bahan organik pada skala lab telah banyak dilakukan, namun percobaan dalam skala aplikasi yang lebih besar jarang dilakukan. Bahan organik pembuatan ekstrak pekat dapat menggunakan daun bakau (Rhizopora mucronata) banyak ditemukan di daerah mangrove. Penelitian bertujuan untuk membandingkan proses pembuatan inhibitor berupa ekstrak pekat dari daun bakau skala lab dengan skala aplikasi yang lebih besar terkait waktu pemekatan, daya listrik yang digunakan, sifat fisik (berat jenis dan sifat warna), sifat fitokimia (alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin dan tannin) dari ekstrak pekat yang dihasilkan. Pada skala lab, 500 gram daun kering bakau, dilarutkan dalam 500 ml etanol 96%, setelah 2 hari filtrate disaring dan dipekatkan hingga menjadi 10 ml menggunakan rotary evaporator. Pada skala aplikasi 20 kali lebih besar dari skala lab dan proses pemekatan menggunakan kipas angin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses pembuatan 10 ml ekstrak pekat skala lab menggunakan rotary evaporator memerlukan waktu 4 jam, dengan menghabiskan daya listrik sebesar 10,4 KWH. Ekstrak pekat memiliki berat jenis 0,958 dan sifat warna L* = 2,8, a* = 6,6 dan b* = 3,2. Sedangkan proses pembuatan 200 ml ekstrak pekat skala aplikasi yang lebih besar yang menggunakan kipas angin memerlukan waktu 72 jam, dengan menghabiskan daya listrik sebesar 3,6 KWH. Ekstrak pekat memiliki berat jenis 0,965 dan sifat warna L* = 6,8, a* = 17,4 dan b* = 8,8. Kedua cara ekstraksi memiliki komponen fitokimia yang sama, yaitu flavonoid, saponin dan tannin

Tingkat Kebugaran Jasmani pada Atlet Bola Basket Putra di SMP Kristen Satya Wacana Salatiga

Tidak diijinkan karya tersebut diunggah ke dalam aplikasi Repositori Perpustakaan Universitas karena telah dipublikasi di Jurnal/ Proceeding Seminar Nasional FKIK UKSW.Olahraga bola basket memerlukan kondisi kebugaran jasmani yang baik, untuk mendapatkan kebugaran jasmani yang baik perlu program latihan yang memadai. Salah satu program latihan yang popular adalah metode fartlek. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mempelajari pengaruh dari metode latihan fartlek yang dilakukan seminggu dua kali selama delapan minggu terhadap VO2max atlet basket putra siswa SMP Kristen Satya Wacana Salatiga. Penelitian ini merupakan studi penelitian pre-eksperimen pretest-postest. Menurut studi pendahuluan, kebugaran jasmani pada atlet bola basket SMP Kristen Satya Wacana Salatiga memiliki kondisi kebugaran yang sangat buruk, dibuktikan dengan hasil tes cooper yang menunjukan bahwa nilai VO2max pada atlet putra adalah 27,46 ml-kg-1-min-1 (sangat buruk). Nilai VO2max diukur dengan menggunakan metode cooper tes. hasil penelitian ini menunjukan nilai rata-rata VO2max post-test pada siswa laki-laki adalah 53,49 19 ml-kg-1-min-1(sangat baik). hasil nilai pre-test dan post-test setelah di uji dengan t berpasangan, dapat diketahui bahwa rata-rata nilai VO2max adalah 26,03111±7,5 ml∙kg-1∙min-1 (p<0,000). Berdasarkan dari hasil penelitian ini, metode latihan fartlek dapat meningkatkan VO2max pada siswa atlet bola basket putra SMP Kristen Satya Wacana Salatiga.Basketball requires a good physical fitness condition, a good physical fitness needs an adequate exercise program, one of the popular exercise program is fartlek method. The purpose of this study is to know the effect of fartlek method that have had done for eight weeks (twice in a week) towards the VO2max of SMP Kristen Satya Wacana’s male basketball extracurricular. This is a pre-experiment pretest-postest research. Based on the previous study about physical fitness, the participants of SMP Kristen Satya Wacana’s basketball extracurricular had a poor physical fitness proven by the result of cooper test that shown the VO2max on SMP Kristen Satya Wacana’s male basketball extracurricular was 27,46 ml⸱kg-1⸱min-1 (very poor).The VO2max was calculated using cooper test. The VO2max's result on this research is 53,49 19 ml-kg-1-min-1, which is very good. T-tests were used to determine the result of pretest and postest, and the result of the vo2max is 26,03111±7,5 ml∙kg-1∙min-1 (p<0,05). Based on the result of this research, fartlek could be used to increase the VO2max of basketball male athletes of SMP Kristen Satya Wacana Salatiga

Energi Listrik pada Industri Kecil Teh Celup Herbal Daun Urokep

Urokep leaf or Chinese Ketepeng (Senna alata) is one of the most commonly found medicinal plants and can be used as raw material for herbal tea bags. An essential process in making herbal tea on a household scale is the chopping of dried leaves into a powder that is ready to be put into teabags and pressing the teabags. The leaf shredder process can use a chopper and a blender, while the teabag pressing process uses an impulse sealer. This study aims to compare the energy needed by choppers and blenders in making urokep leaf teabag powder, as well as the use of impulse sealers with element lengths of 20 cm and 30 cm. The research was divided into two stages, i.e. chopping the dried leaves into the powder stage and pressing the teabags stage. The chopping dry leaf into the powder stage was counted by calculating the time for the chopper and blender to powder 1 kg of dry leaves. The pressing of the teabags was carried out by calculating the pressing time of 1000 teabags using an impulse sealer with 20 cm and 30 cm element length. The amount of electrical energy is used by multiplying the electric power by the time of each tool.The results showed that the electrical energy used by the chopper to shredder 1 kg of dry Urokep leaves was 0.10833 KwH, while the blender required more energy, which was 0.27833 KwH. The electrical energy to press 1000 teabags used by the impulse sealer 20 cm is lower at 0.310 KwH than the impulse sealer 30 cm 0.633 KwH. The combination of a chopper and impulse sealer 20 cm is highly recommended for household-scale industries

POTENSI LIMBAH KULIT RAMBUTAN (Nephelium lappaceum) SEBAGAI MINUMAN SEDUHAN HERBAL

Rambutan production in Indonesia in 2017 is 523,699 tons. Consuming rambutan fruit will affect rambutan peel as a waste. Although rambutan peel has the potential to be made into herbal brew drinks products. The research aims were to determine the productivity of rambutan peel as a raw material for herbal beverage and estimate the benefits to be obtained. The study used local rambutan fruit raw material. The research was carried out in the Forest Product Laboratory of Dipterocarps Research Center. The research aimed to determine the processing technology of rambutan peel as raw material for herbal beverage and estimated benefits to be gained. The research was conducted in three stages of activity, i.e. calculation of the potential of rambutan peel as raw material for herbal beverage, making of rambutan herbal beverage and estimated its profit. Rambutan peel can be processed into herbal brew drinks using simple technology, by making the rambutan peel into a dry powder and put it into a brewed beverage bag. The brewed beverage packaged in 1 box about 3 bags and each bag containing @ 1.5 g herbal beverage. The estimated profit of 1 box of herbal beverage was about 30.4% of the selling price. Keywords: herbal brew drinks, home industry, marine tea, rambutan pee

The Cell Cycle Time of CD8+ T Cells Responding In Vivo Is Controlled by the Type of Antigenic Stimulus

A hallmark of cells comprising the mammalian adaptive immune system is the requirement for these rare naïve T (and B) lymphocytes directed to a specific microorganism to undergo proliferative expansion upon first encounter with this antigen. In the case of naïve CD8+ T cells the ability of these rare quiescent lymphocytes to rapidly activate and expand into effector T cells in numbers sufficient to control viral and certain bacterial infections can be essential for survival. In this report we examined the activation, cell cycle time and initial proliferative response of naïve murine CD8+ T cells responding in vivo to Influenza and Vaccinia virus infection or vaccination with viral antigens. Remarkably, we observed that CD8+ T cells could divide and proliferate with an initial cell division time of as short as 2 hours. The initial cell cycle time of responding CD8+ T cells is not fixed but is controlled by the antigenic stimulus provided by the APC in vivo. Initial cell cycle time influences the rate of T cell expansion and the numbers of effector T cells subsequently accumulating at the site of infection. The T cell cycle time varies with duration of the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The duration of G1 is inversely correlated with the phosphorylation state of the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein in the responding T cells. The implication of these findings for the development of adaptive immune responses and the regulation of cell cycle in higher eukaryotic cells is discussed