Vom Ausgrabungsende in Prohear zu den Anfängen früher Gold- und Silberfunde in Südostasien

Im Februar/März 2011 wurden die dritte Grabungskampagne auf dem Gräberfeld Prohear (Provinz Prey Veng) durchgeführt und weitere 24 Bestattungen geborgen. Damit stehen für die Endauswertung 76 Gräber mit insgesamt 93 Gold- und Silberbeigaben mit einem Alter von etwa 2000 Jahren zur Verfügung, der größte früheisenzeitliche Fundkomplex in Kambodscha. Erste Vorberichte über die Grabungsergebnisse, die anthropologische Auswertung der Skelettreste und über die Ergebnisse der metallanalytischen Untersuchung von 59 Gold- und Silberfunden am Curt-Engelhorn-Zentrum in Mannheim sind bereits veröffentlicht (Reinecke et al. 2012; Kreis et al. 2012; Schlosser et al. 2012). Die Restaurierungsarbeiten unter Leitung von Frau Seng Sonetra am Memot Centre in Phnom Penh sind größtenteils abgeschlossen. Das nicht restaurierbare, gereinigte Scherbenmaterial wurde in 60 Boxen verpackt und in einem neuen Magazinraum untergebracht, den das Ministerium für Kultur Kambodschas zur Verfügung gestellt hat. Die Dokumentation bedarf einer weiteren umfangreichen abschließenden Kampagne

The Bioanthropology of the Early Iron Age Site of Prohear (Cambodia)

The Early Iron Age site of Prohear in southeastern Cambodia was discovered and nearly completely looted in 2007. From 2008 to 2011, the German Archaeological Institute together with the Memot Centre for Archaeology carried out rescue excavation of 76 intact or only partly looted graves directly under the main road through the village. Of these, 42 burials still contained human remains. This study presents the fi nal results of the bioanthropological analyses and their regional and chronological context. Given the fact that human bones were poorly preserved in the majority of the burials, most of our information – such as the age at death distribution, health and disease, nutrition or on migration and integration – has come from the teeth

Die Petrographie keramischer Grabbeigaben und Steinwerkzeuge aus der Deltaebene des Mekong

In den vergangenen Jahren hat die Kommission für Archäologie Außereuropäischer Kulturen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Grabungsprojekte auf eisenzeitlichen Gräberfeldern der Prä-Funan-Kultur (500 v. bis 200 n. Chr.) in der Tiefl andebene des Mekong sowohl in Kambodscha (Prohear, Provinz Prey Veng) als auch in Südvietnam (Gò Ô Chùa, Provinz Long An) durchgeführt. Dabei wurden neben vielen Grabbeigaben aus Bronze, Eisen, Gold und Glas auch umfangreiche Keramik-Kollektionen und zahlreiche Gesteinsartefakte geborgen. Im unmittelbaren Umfeld der untersuchten Fundplätze stehen keine Festgesteine an. Aus Mangel an Steinrohstoffen hat die Bevölkerung benachbarter eisenzeitlicher Siedlungen Werkzeuge wie Beile sogar aus Muschelschalen oder Schildkrötenpanzer hergestellt (Reinecke 2012: 241, Anm. 2). Eine Untersuchung beider Materialgruppen unter petrographischen Gesichtspunkten verspricht Einblicke in die Rohstoff-Beschaffung beider Orte. Da die beiden Fundplätze Prohear und Gò Ô Chùa nur 65 km Luftlinie voneinander entfernt liegen, ist es darüber hinaus interessant, den Unterschieden oder Gemeinsamkeiten der Steinrohstoffe und des Tonmaterials beider Gemeinschaften nachzugehen (Abb. 1). Speziell bei der Keramik beider Fundstellen, die in Form, Farbe und Verzierung viele Übereinstimmungen zeigt, werden petrographische Untersuchungen auch mit zur Aufklärung beitragen, ob beispielsweise zwei unterschiedliche „Dorf-Töpfereien“ nach gleicher Tradition gearbeitet haben oder ob beide Gemeinschaften von einer oder mehreren zentralen Töpfereien beliefert worden sind

Auf der Suche nach dem passenden Rohstoff – Lithische Grabbeigaben und ihre Herkunft in der Deltaebene des Mekong

Die Deltaebene des Mekong in Südvietnam und Kambodscha wird von mächtigen alluvialen Sedimentschichten aufgebaut. Die Landschaft ist morphologisch flach und nur wenige reliktische Inselberge aus Festgesteinen erheben sich als Härtlinge aus der Landschaft (Abb. 1). Für die Bevölkerung vorgeschichtlicher Siedlungen stand also nur eine begrenzte Anzahl widerstandsfähiger, fester Rohstoffe zur Verfügung, um Werkzeuge für das alltägliche Leben wie zum Beispiel Beile, Mörser, Stößel, Schab- und Schleifsteine herzustellen. Dennoch wurden bei archäologischen Grabungen auf eisenzeitlichen Gräberfeldern der Prä-Funan-Kultur (400 v. bis 100 n. Chr.) in den letzten Jahren neben reichhaltigen Grabbeigaben aus Bronze, Eisen, Gold und Glas sowie vielfältigen Keramikkollektionen auch zahlreiche Gesteinsartefakte unterschiedlichster Genese geborgen (Reinecke et al. 2009). Dies deutet darauf hin, dass bereits fertige Werkzeuge oder entsprechende Rohstoffe aus dem ferneren Umland importiert wurden. Aufgrund des begrenzten Spektrums an natürlich vorkommenden Festgesteinsaufschlüssen in der Tiefl andebene des Mekong stellt sich die Frage, ob anhand einer gezielten Beprobung der Gesteinsvorkommen eine Zuordnung der genutzten Gesteinswerkstoffe zu ihrer ursprünglichen Herkunftsregionen erfolgen kann. Um dieser Fragestellung nachzugehen, hat die Kommission für Archäologie Außereuropäischer Kulturen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts im Jahr 2015 ein Forschungsstipendium vergeben. Ziel der Forschungsarbeiten ist es, mögliche Rohstoffquellen in der Deltaebene des Mekong zu identifi zieren und diese anhand geochemisch-petrographischer Untersuchungen mit den in Kambodscha (Prohear, Provinz Prey Veng) und Südvietnam (Gò Ô Chùa, Provinz Long An) bei Grabungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts geborgenen Artefakten abzugleichen. Hierdurch soll die Rekonstruktionvon Handelsrouten sowohl für die erforderlichen Rohstoffe als auch für die bereits gefertigten Werkzeuge ermöglicht werden

Sensing the underground – ultrastructure and function of sensory organs in root-feeding Melolontha melolontha (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) larvae

Eilers E, Talarico G, Hansson BS, Hilker M, Reinecke A. Sensing the underground – ultrastructure and function of sensory organs in root-feeding Melolontha melolontha (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) larvae. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(7): e41357.Introduction Below ground orientation in insects relies mainly on olfaction and taste. The economic impact of plant root feeding scarab beetle larvae gave rise to numerous phylogenetic and ecological studies. Detailed knowledge of the sensory capacities of these larvae is nevertheless lacking. Here, we present an atlas of the sensory organs on larval head appendages of Melolontha melolontha. Our ultrastructural and electrophysiological investigations allow annotation of functions to various sensory structures. Results Three out of 17 ascertained sensillum types have olfactory, and 7 gustatory function. These sensillum types are unevenly distributed between antennae and palps. The most prominent chemosensory organs are antennal pore plates that in total are innervated by approximately one thousand olfactory sensory neurons grouped into functional units of three-to-four. In contrast, only two olfactory sensory neurons innervate one sensillum basiconicum on each of the palps. Gustatory sensilla chaetica dominate the apices of all head appendages, while only the palps bear thermo-/hygroreceptors. Electrophysiological responses to CO2, an attractant for many root feeders, are exclusively observed in the antennae. Out of 54 relevant volatile compounds, various alcohols, acids, amines, esters, aldehydes, ketones and monoterpenes elicit responses in antennae and palps. All head appendages are characterized by distinct olfactory response profiles that are even enantiomer specific for some compounds. Conclusions Chemosensory capacities in M. melolontha larvae are as highly developed as in many adult insects. We interpret the functional sensory units underneath the antennal pore plates as cryptic sensilla placodea and suggest that these perceive a broad range of secondary plant metabolites together with CO2. Responses to olfactory stimulation of the labial and maxillary palps indicate that typical contact chemo-sensilla have a dual gustatory and olfactory function

Novel set-up for low-disturbance sampling of volatile and non-volatile compounds from plant roots

Eilers E, Pauls G, Rillig MC, Hansson BS, Hilker M, Reinecke A. Novel set-up for low-disturbance sampling of volatile and non-volatile compounds from plant roots. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 2016;41(3):253-266.Most studies on rhizosphere chemicals are carried out in substrate-free set-ups or in artificial substrates using sampling methods that require an air flow and may thus cause disturbance to the rhizosphere. Our study aimed to develop a simplified and inexpensive system that allows analysis of rhizosphere chemicals at experimentally less disturbed conditions. We designed a mesocosm in which volatile rhizosphere chemicals were sampled passively (by diffusion) without air- and water flow on polydimethylsiloxane-(PDMS) tubes. Dandelion (Taraxacum sect. ruderalia) was used as model plant; roots were left undamaged. Fifteen volatiles were retrieved from the sorptive material by thermal desorption for analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Furthermore, three sugars were collected from the rhizosphere substrate by aqueous extraction and derivatized prior to GC/MS analysis. In order to study how the quantity of detected rhizosphere compounds depends on the type of soil or substrate, we determined the matrix-dependent recovery of synthetic rhizosphere chemicals. Furthermore, we compared sorption of volatiles on PDMS tubes with and without direct contact to the substrate. The results show that the newly designed mesocosm is suitable for low-invasive extraction of volatile and non-volatile compounds from rhizospheres. We further highlight how strongly the type of substrate and contact of PDMS tubes to the substrate affect the detectability of compounds from rhizospheres

Acceptance, Barriers, and Future Preferences of Mobile Health Among Patients Receiving Trauma and Orthopedic Surgical Care: Paper-Based Survey in a Prospective Multicenter Study

Background: Smartphones have become an essential part of everyday life and it is undeniable that apps offer enormous opportunities for dealing with future challenges in public health. Nevertheless, the exact patient requirements for medical apps in the field of orthopedic and trauma surgery are currently unknown. Objective: The aim of this study was to define target groups, evaluate patient requirements, and the potential and pitfalls regarding medical apps specific for patients receiving orthopedic and trauma surgical care. Methods: A prospective multicenter study was conducted between August 2018 and December 2019 at a German trauma center and 3 trauma surgery/orthopedic practices. A paper-based survey consisting of 15 questions evaluated information regarding smartphone and medical app usage behavior. In addition, suggested app functions were rated using Likert scales. Descriptive statistics and binary log-binomial regression were performed. Results: A total of 1055 questionnaires were included in our statistical analysis. Approximately 89.57% (945/1055) of the patients in this study owned a smartphone. Smartphone ownership probability decreased with every decade of life and increased with higher levels of education. Medical information was obtained via mobile web access by 62.65% (661/1055) of the patients; this correlated with smartphone ownership in regard to age and educational level. Only 11.18% (118/1055) of the patients reported previous medical app usage, and 3.50% (37/1055) of the patients received an app recommendation from a physician. More than half (594/1055, 56.30%) of the patients were unwilling to pay for a medical app. The highest rated app functions were information about medication, behavioral guidelines, and medical record archival. An improved treatment experience was reported through the suggested app features by 71.18% (751/1055) of the patients. Conclusions: Mobile devices are a widely used source of information for medical content, but only a minority of the population reported previous medical app usage. The main target group for medical apps among patients receiving orthopedic and trauma surgical care tends to be the younger population, which results in a danger of excluding fringe groups, especially the older adults. Education seems to be one of the most important pull factors to use smartphones or a mobile web connection to obtain health information. Medical apps primarily focusing on an optimized patient education and flow of information seem to have the potential to support patients in health issues, at least in their subjective perception. For future target group–oriented app developments, further evidence on the clinical application, feasibility, and acceptance of app usage are necessary in order to avoid patient endangerment and to limit socioeconomic costs

Groundwater-dependent ecosystems at risk - Global hotspot analysis and implications

Many land-based ecosystems are dependent on groundwater and could be threatened by human groundwater abstraction. One key challenge for the description of associated impacts is the initial localisation of groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs). This usually requires a mixture of extensive site-specific data collection and the use of geospatial datasets and remote sensing techniques. To date, no study has succeeded in identifying different types of GDEs in parallel worldwide. The main objective of this work is to perform a global screening analysis to identify GDE potentials rather than GDE locations. In addition, potential risks to GDEs from groundwater abstraction shall be identified. We defined nine key indicators that capture GDE potentials and associated risks on a global grid of 0.5° spatial resolution. Groundwater-dependent streams, wetlands and vegetation were covered, and a GDE index was formulated incorporating the following three aspects: the extent of groundwater use per GDE type, GDE diversity and GDE presence by land cover. The results show that GDE potentials are widely distributed across the globe, but with different distribution patterns depending on the type of ecosystem. The highest overall potential for GDEs is found in tropical regions, followed by arid and temperate climates. The GDE potentials were validated against regional studies, which showed a trend of increasing matching characteristics towards higher GDE potentials, but also inconsistencies upon closer analysis. Thus, the results can be used as first-order estimates only, which would need to be explored in the context of more site-specific analyses. Identified risks to GDEs from groundwater abstraction are more geographically limited and concentrated in the US and Mexico, the Iberian Peninsula and the Maghreb, as well as Central, South and East Asia. The derived findings on GDEs and associated risks can be useful for prioritising future research and can be integrated into sustainability-related tools such as the water footprint.</p

Bericht über die Tätigkeit der Kommission für Archäologie Außereuropäischer Kulturen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts in den Jahren 2005–2006

Die Berichte über die Tätigkeit der Kommission für Archäologie Außereuropäischer Kulturen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts in den Jahren 2005–2006 umfassen die Proyecto Arqueológico Bajo Río Grande, Peru (Andentransekt 2), 5000 Jahre Siedlungsgeschichte in Palpa, die Ausgrabungen in der Loma Salvatierra (Bolivien), die Ausgrabungen und Surveys in Marokko, die Ausgrabungen in Sri Lanka und die Ausgrabungen des DAI und der Mongolischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Karakorum

Therapeutic Reference Range for Aripiprazole in Schizophrenia Revised: a Systematic Review and Metaanalysis

Rationale: While one of the basic axioms of pharmacology postulates that there is a relationship between the concentration and effects of a drug, the value of measuring blood levels is questioned by many clinicians. This is due to the often-missing validation of therapeutic reference ranges. Objectives: Here, we present a prototypical meta-analysis of the relationships between blood levels of aripiprazole, its target engagement in the human brain, and clinical effects and side effects in patients with schizophrenia and related disorders. Methods: The relevant literature was systematically searched and reviewed for aripiprazole oral and injectable formulations. Population-based concentration ranges were computed (N = 3,373) and pharmacokinetic influences investigated. Results: Fifty-three study cohorts met the eligibility criteria. Twenty-nine studies report blood level after oral, 15 after injectable formulations, and nine were positron emission tomography studies. Conflicting evidence for a relationship between concentration, efficacy, and side effects exists (assigned level of evidence low, C; and absent, D). Population-based reference ranges are well in-line with findings from neuroimaging data and individual efficacy studies. We suggest a therapeutic reference range of 120-270 ng/ml and 180-380 ng/ml, respectively, for aripiprazole and its active moiety for the treatment of schizophrenia and related disorders. Conclusions: High interindividual variability and the influence of CYP2D6 genotypes gives a special indication for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of oral and long-acting aripiprazole. A starting dose of 10 mg will in most patients result in effective concentrations in blood and brain. 5 mg will be sufficient for known poor metabolizers