PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS AND MOBILE HEALTH INTERVENTION: IMPACT ON LONG-TERM OUTCOMES AFTER LUNG TRANSPLANTATION

Identifying and intervening on modifiable risk factors may improve outcomes in lung transplantation (LTx), which, despite recent improvements, remain suboptimal. Evidence suggests that two modifiable risk factors, psychiatric disorders and nonadherence, may improve LTx outcomes in the short-term; however, neither has been explored in the long-term. Therefore, the overarching goal of this dissertation was to determine the long-term impact of these modifiable risk factors and intervention to attenuate them. First, we examined the relationship of pre- and early post-transplant psychiatric disorders on LTx-related morbidity and mortality for up to 15 years post-LTx. Our sample included 155 1-year LTx survivors enrolled in a prospective study of mental health post- LTx. We found that depression during the first year post-LTx increased risk of BOS, mortality and graft loss by nearly twofold, and that pre-transplant depression and pre- and post-transplant anxiety were not associated with clinical outcomes. Next, we examined the impact of a mobile health intervention designed to promote adherence to the post-LTx regimen, PocketPATH, on long-term LTx-related morbidity, mortality and nonadherence. We conducted two follow-up studies to the original yearlong randomized controlled trial in which participants assigned to PocketPATH showed improved adherence to the regimen, relative to usual care. Among the 182 LTx recipients (LTxRs) who survived the original trial, we found that PocketPATH had a protective indirect effect on mortality by promoting LTxRs’ communication with the LTx team during the first year. Among the 104 LTxRs who completed the follow-up assessment, we found that PocketPATH’s adherence benefits over the first year were not sustained into the long-term, although LTxRs assigned to PocketPATH were more likely than LTxRs assigned to usual care to perform the home self-care tasks of the regimen at follow-up. Median time since LTx for participants in both follow-up studies was 4.2 years (range, 2.8-5.7 years). This dissertation presents an important first step toward identifying and intervening on modifiable risk factors to improve long-term LTx outcomes. Mobile health technologies offer limitless potential to target these risk factors and others. More work is needed to determine specific features and long-term patient engagement strategies that will optimize and sustain intervention effectiveness

Liver transplantation for alcoholic cirrhosis: Long term follow-up and impact of disease recurrence

Background. Alcoholic liver disease has emerged as a leading indication for hepatic transplantation, although it is a controversial use of resources. We aimed to examine all aspects of liver transplantation associated with alcohol abuse. Methods. Retrospective cohort analysis of 123 alcoholic patients with a median of 7 years follow-up at one center. Results. In addition to alcohol, 43 (35%) patients had another possible factor contributing to cirrhosis. Actuarial patient and graft survival rates were, respectively, 84% and 81% (1 year); 72% and 66% (5 years); and 63% and 59% (7 years). After transplantation, 18 patients (15%) manifested 21 noncutaneous de novo malignancies, which is significantly more than controls (P=0.0001); upper aerodigestive squamous carcinomas were over-represented (P=0.03). Thirteen patients had definitely relapsed and three others were suspected to have relapsed. Relapse was predicted by daily ethanol consumption (P=0.0314), but not by duration of pretransplant sobriety or explant histology. No patient had alcoholic hepatitis after transplantation and neither late onset acute nor chronic rejection was significantly increased. Multiple regression analyses for predictors of graft failure identified major biliary/vascular complications (P=0.01), chronic bile duct injury on biopsy (P=0.002), and pericellular fibrosis on biopsy (P=0.05); graft viral hepatitis was marginally significant (P=0.07) on univariate analysis. Conclusions. Alcoholic liver disease is an excellent indication for liver transplantation in those without coexistent conditions. Recurrent alcoholic liver disease alone is not an important cause of graft pathology or failure. Potential recipients should be heavily screened before transplantation for coexistent conditions (e.g., hepatitis C, metabolic diseases) and other target-organ damage, especially aerodigestive malignancy, which are greater causes of morbidity and mortality than is recurrent alcohol liver disease

An overview of psychiatric issues in liver disease for the consultation-liaison psychiatrist

Liver disease is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and elsewhere. Arising from infectious, hereditary, or toxin-induced sources, the detection of liver disease often requires a high index of suspicion. Clinical presentations are highly variable and are often accompanied by neuropsychiatric symptoms. This fact, along with an increased incidence of liver disease among patients with primary psychiatric disorders and the presence of varied drug use, complicates the tasks of providing care to patients with liver disease. To assist the consultation-liaison psychiatrist, the authors present the first of a two-part series focused on psychiatric issues in liver disease. © 2006 Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine

Gut and bladder fermentation syndromes: a narrative review

Abstract We recently reported the first clinical case of bladder fermentation syndrome (BFS) or urinary auto-brewery syndrome, which caused the patient to fail abstinence monitoring. In BFS, ethanol is generated by Crabtree-positive fermenting yeast Candida glabrata in a patient with poorly controlled diabetes. One crucial characteristic of BFS is the absence of alcoholic intoxication, as the bladder lumen contains transitional epithelium with low ethanol permeability. In contrast, patients with gut fermentation syndrome (GFS) or auto-brewery syndrome can spontaneously develop symptoms of ethanol intoxication even without any alcohol ingestion because of alcoholic fermentation in the gut lumen. In abstinence monitoring, a constellation of laboratory findings with positive urinary glucose and ethanol, negative ethanol metabolites, and the presence of yeast in urinalysis should raise suspicion for BFS, whereas endogenous ethanol production needs to be shown by a carbohydrate challenge test for GFS diagnosis. GFS patients will also likely fail abstinence monitoring because of the positive ethanol blood testing. BFS and GFS are treated by yeast eradication of fermenting microorganisms with antifungals (or antibiotics for bacterial GFS cases) and modification of underlying conditions (diabetes for BFS and gut dysbiosis for GFS). The under-recognition of these rare medical conditions has led to not only harm but also adverse legal consequences for patients, such as driving under the influence (DUI). GFS patients may be at risk of various alcohol-related diseases

Psychiatric disorders as risk factors for adverse medical outcomes after solid organ transplantation

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Given that the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in transplant candidates and recipients is substantially higher than in the general population, and that linkages between psychiatric disorders and medical outcomes for nontransplant-related diseases have been established, it is important to determine whether psychiatric disorders predict posttransplant medical outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS: Most research has focused on the association between depression (both pretransplant and posttransplant) and posttransplant mortality. Some research has examined transplant-related morbidity outcomes, such as graft rejection, posttransplant malignancies, and infection. However, methodological limitations make it difficult to compare existing studies in this literature directly. Overall, the studies presented in this review indicate that psychiatric distress occurring in the early transplant aftermath bears a stronger relationship to morbidity and mortality outcomes than psychiatric distress occurring before transplant. SUMMARY: The literature on the impact of psychiatric conditions on the morbidity and mortality of solid organ transplant recipients remains inconclusive. More research is needed in order to investigate these associations among a broader range of psychiatric predictors, morbidity outcomes, and recipient populations. Until evidence suggests otherwise, we recommend frequent monitoring of psychiatric symptoms during the first year after transplantation to aid in early identification and treatment during this critical period of adjustment. © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Recidiva da ingesta alcoólica em pacientes candidatos a transplante hepático: análise de fatores de risco Relapse of alcohol consumption in liver transplant candidates: risk factor analysis

RACIONAL: A recidiva do consumo do álcool após transplante representa grande preocupação nos centros transplantadores e é objeto de debate e controvérsia. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a recidiva da ingesta alcoólica e eventuais fatores a ela relacionados, em pacientes cirróticos, referidos para transplante hepático. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de julho de 1995 a setembro de 2005 incluindo 90 pacientes adultos com cirrose hepática, listados para transplante. Os critérios de exclusão eram: ausência de 6 meses de abstinência, não liberação da equipe de psicologia. O diagnóstico da recidiva (ingesta de qualquer quantidade de bebida alcoólica) era feito com base nas informações contidas nos prontuários e fornecidas por contato telefônico. RESULTADOS: A recidiva encontrada foi de 18,9%, que correspondeu a 14,6% do número total de homens e 62,5% do número total das mulheres. A raça, média das idades, classificação de disfunção hepática, tempo de etilismo, quantidade da ingesta alcoólica e realização ou não de transplante, não mostraram correlação significativa com a recidiva da ingesta alcoólica. A comparação tempo de abstinência e recidiva guardou relação inversamente proporcional. CONCLUSÃO: A recidiva da ingesta alcoólica é baixa. Sexo feminino e tempo de abstinência inferior a 1 ano têm influência sobre a recidiva da ingesta alcoólica.<br>BACKGROUND: Alcohol relapse after transplantation is a serious concern in transplant centers and is a subject of controversy and debate. AIM: To evaluate the relapse of alcohol ingestion and the eventual associated factors in cirrhotic patients referred for liver transplantation. METHODS: A retrospective study comprised of 90 adult patients with liver cirrhosis, listed for transplant. The exclusion criteria were: not having at least 6 months of abstinence and release not approved by the psychology team. The diagnosis of relapse (ingestion of any quantity of alcohol) was done based on the information in the patients’ histories and those provided by telephone contact. RESULTS: The rate of relapse was of 18.9%. This corresponded to 14.6% of the total number of men and 62.5% of the total number of women. Race, mean age, classification of hepatic dysfunction, time of alcoholism, quantity of alcohol ingested and the execution of transplant did not show significant correlation to alcohol relapse. The comparison between time of abstinence and relapse had an inversely proportional correlation. CONCLUSION: Relapse of alcohol consumption was low. Being of the female gender and having less than 1 year of abstinence has an influence upon alcohol relapse