Correlation between gaze and hovers during decision-making interaction

Taps only consist of a small part of the manual input when inter-acting with touch-enabled surfaces. Indeed, how the hand behaves in the hovering space is informative of what the user intends to do. In this article, we present a data collection related to hand and eye motion. We tailored a kiosk-like system to record participants' gaze and hand movements. We specifically designed a memory game to detect the decision-making process users may face. Our data collection comprises of 177 trials from 71 participants. Based on a hand movement classification, we extracted 16588 hovers. We study the gaze behaviour during hovers, and we found out that the distance between gaze and hand depends on the target's location on the screen. We also showed how indecision can be deducted from this distance

Representation of pending goals in long-term memory.

Six studies investigated the representation of pending goals in long-term memory. The first three studies focused on these questions: Are goals (operationalized as word problems on which an individual reaches an impasse) more memorable than those completed successfully and, if so, under what conditions? Participants worked on each of a series of problems for a limited amount of time, and then attempted to free recall the problems. Increased memorability for unsolved problems was observed, but only when unsolved problems were fewer in number (i.e., constituted a smaller set) than solved ones. When the set sizes were equal or reversed, no memorability differences were found. The second three studies focused on the issue of when and how pending goals are recognized in everyday planning situations. And, can predictive encoding--associating a goal at encoding with potential opportunities for achievement--increase the likelihood of recognizing later opportunities to achieve that goal? Under various encoding conditions, participants studied a set of pending goals (e.g., to rehang a fallen poster) that require a physical resource for solution. In the cued recall task, participants were then asked to note any opportunities (e.g., the presence of masking tape) that later arose to achieve the goals. The first experiment of this series confirmed that encoding a goal in association with a concrete object facilitates later recognition of that object as an opportunity to achieve the goal. The second experiment provided evidence that encoding a specific concrete object partially facilitates recognition of other related objects as opportunities to implement the plan. And, in the third experiment, it was found that encoding an abstract plan (e.g., use adhesive material) facilitates recognition of related objects (e.g., masking tape and gum balls). Taken together, these studies suggest that pending goals may have some special status in memory in that they are more readily available in memory than other knowledge. However, access to pending goals based on later cues depends upon the nature of the representation constructed at encoding. In this sense, pending goals, like other remembered information, follow established principles of associative memory.Ph.D.Cognitive psychologyExperimental psychologyPsychologyUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/130087/2/9712055.pd

The influence of group decision making on indecisiveness-related decisional confidence

Indecisiveness is an individual difference measure of chronic difficulty and delay in decision making. Indecisiveness is associated with low decisional confidence and distinct patterns of pre-choice information search behavior. The present study explored whether the confidence levels and search behaviors associated with individual indecisiveness also emerge in group decision making contexts. In this study, 97 decisive and indecisive participants were assigned to make a decision individually or in a homogenous three-person group. Indecisiveness score was found to predict participant decisional confidence in the individual condition but not in the group condition, with group participants being overall more confident than individuals. Similar results were obtained for other related measures of participants' perceptions of the decision task. Surprisingly, no indecisiveness-related differences in information search were found, suggesting that other aspects of the group process contribute to increased confidence. The results provide initial evidence that indecisiveness does not influence group decision making and that, especially for indecisive individuals, working in groups may be a way to boost decisional confidence

Opportunism in Memory: Preparing for Chance Encounters

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73275/1/1467-8721.00148.pd

Potential Moderators of the Left Digit Effect in Numerical Estimation

Recent work reveals a left digit effect in number line estimation such that adults' and children's estimates for three-digit numbers with different hundreds-place digits but nearly identical magnitudes are systematically different (e.g., 398 is placed too far to the left of 401 on a 0-1000 line, despite their almost indistinguishable magnitudes; Lai et al., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12657). In two preregistered studies (N = 218), we investigate the scope and malleability of the left digit effect. Experiment 1 used a typical forward-oriented 0-1000 number line estimation task and an atypical reverse-oriented 1000-0 number line estimation task. Experiment 2 used the same forward-oriented typical 0-1000 number line estimation task from Experiment 1, but with trial-by-trial corrective feedback. We observed a large left digit effect, regardless of the orientation of the line in Experiment 1 or the presence of corrective feedback in Experiment 2. Further, analyses using combined data showed that the pattern was present across most stimuli and participants. These findings demonstrate a left digit effect that is robust and widely observed, and that cannot be easily corrected with simple feedback. We discuss the implications of the findings for understanding sources of the effect and efforts to reduce it