Barreras de acceso de la población inmigrante a los servicios de salud en Catalunya

Antecedentes El 15,9% de la población de Catalunya era inmigrante en el 2011. A pesar del reconocimiento legal del derecho a la atención sanitaria y del desarrollo de políticas específicas, las investigaciones sobre acceso a los servicios de salud (SS) de la población inmigrante (PI) en España apuntan hacia posibles barreras de acceso. Sin embargo, la evidencia existente es escasa, a menudo contradictoria y pocos factores quedan esclarecidos. Objetivo general Analizar, desde la perspectiva de la PI, los elementos que influyen en su acceso a los SS de Catalunya. Metodología Estudio cualitativo, fenomenológico descriptivo, basado en el marco conceptual de Aday y Andersen. El área de estudio comprende Barcelona, Lleida, Girona y Baix Empordà, y la población de estudio la PI residente en estos lugares. La muestra fue teórica, basada en diferentes perspectivas y relaciones con los SS (usuarios, mediadores de salud y representantes de asociaciones de inmigrantes); y diferentes procedencias (Pakistán, Rumanía, Senegal, Marruecos y Colombia). El tamaño final fue de 37 personas, determinado por saturación del discurso. Se realizaron entrevistas individuales semiestructuradas (2008-2009), grabadas y transcritas literalmente. Se realizó un análisis narrativo de contenido, los datos se segmentaron por informante, colectivo, y temas, y las categorías de análisis se generaron de manera mixta. Hubo triangulación de informantes y de analistas, y el proceso se documentó sistemática y detalladamente. Resultados La mayoría considera fácil el acceso, independientemente de la situación administrativa y laboral, y destacan la gratuidad de la atención. No obstante, la entrada al sistema es fácil solo si se dispone de tarjeta sanitaria (TS), cuya obtención se dificulta por la exigencia de empadronamiento y afiliación a la Seguridad Social, y el miedo a ser identificados por las autoridades. Además, emergen barreras que dependen de los SS y de la PI. En relación a SS: insuficiente provisión de información; horarios de atención primaria incompatibles; tiempos de espera excesivos; deficiente calidad técnica percibida; barrera lingüística; trato incorrecto y actitud negativa del profesional. En relación a la PI: desconocimiento de los SS y los idiomas locales; dificultad para ausentarse del trabajo y cumplir las bajas laborales; y rol social de la mujer. Aparece la percepción de discriminación en los SS. En consecuencia acuden a farmacias, urgencias hospitalarias, asociaciones y oenegés o centros privados; utilizan TS de otra persona; se automedican; y pagan por la atención pública y privada; retrasando la atención y empeorando la enfermedad. Conclusiones El acceso de los inmigrantes a los SS en Catalunya es fácil, pero se ve dificultado por elementos relativos a los SS y potenciados por características de la PI. La TS se configura como elemento clave, pero su obtención se basa en requisitos controvertidos y con frecuencia inalcanzables. El desconocimiento relacionado con la falta de provisión de información limita el acceso, y aunque es compensado parcialmente por el círculo social, éste no puede ni debe sustituir al sistema como fuente de información. La dificultad para ausentarse del trabajo se debe a la precariedad laboral y las prácticas abusivas e ilícitas de los empleadores, por lo que es necesario trasladar este conocimiento a las autoridades competentes y adecuar los horarios de los SS. La barrera lingüística, la falta de competencia cultural y la mala calidad técnica percibida deben ser tenidas en cuenta en la formación de profesionales y los recursos de mediación. Estos resultados denotan el incumplimiento de las leyes y la falta de implementación de las políticas, por lo que éstas deben ser revisadas, reforzadas, y mantenidas. El uso de las urgencias hospitalarias es consecuencia de muchas de estas barreras, por lo que su reducción conllevaría una mayor adecuación de la utilización de urgencias.Background 15.9% of the Catalan population was immigrant in 2011. Despite the legal recognition of the right to health care and the development of specific policies, research on access to health services (HS) of the immigrant population (IP) in Spain point to possible barriers to access. However, the evidence is scarce, often contradictory and few factors have been clarified. Main objective To analyze, from the IP perspective, the elements that influence their access to HS in Catalonia. Methodology Qualitative and phenomenological study, based on the conceptual framework of Aday and Andersen. The study area included Barcelona, Lleida, Girona and Baix Empordà, and the study population was defined as the IP living in these places. The theoretical sample was based on different perspectives and relationships with the HS (users, healthcare cultural mediators and immigrant associations' representatives), and different countries of origin (Pakistan, Romania, Senegal, Morocco and Colombia). The final size was 37 people, determined by saturation of the information. Semi-structured interviews were conducted (2008-2009), recorded and transcribed verbatim. A narrative content analysis was performed; data were segmented by informant, country of origin and themes; and categories of analysis were generated both based in the topics of the guide and the ones that emerged from the data. To enhance the quality of the analysis, triangulation of informants and analysts was carried out, and the process was systematically documented in detail. Results Most informants find it easy to access the HS regardless of their administrative and labour situation, and stress the access free of charge. However, entrance to the healthcare system is easy only if you have a health insurance card (HC), whose acquisition is hampered by the requirement of registration and Social Security affiliation, and the fear of being identified by authorities. In addition, barriers appear related to the HS and to characteristics of IP. Regarding the HS the following barriers appear: insufficient provision of information; primary care opening time; excessive waiting times; poor technical perceived quality of care; language barriers; unfair treatment and negative attitude of the professional. And in relation to the IP: ignorance of the HS and local languages, difficulty to leave work and comply with sick leave, and social role of women. There was also a perception of discrimination related to the HS. Due to these barriers, immigrants go to pharmacies, emergency departments, charitable associations or private institutions; use the HC of someone else; self-medicate; and pay for public and private care, thus delaying care and worsening the disease. Conclusions Access of immigrants to the HS in Catalonia is easy, but hampered by elements of the HS further intensified by features of the IP. The HC is configured as a key element, but its acquisition is based on requirements controversial and often unreachable. Lack of knowledge related to the lack of provision of information limits access, and although the social network partially assumes this provision, it cannot and should not replace the system as a source of information. The difficulty for missing work is due to job insecurity and abusive and illegal practices of employers; therefore it is necessary to transfer this knowledge to the competent authorities and adjust the opening times of HS. The language barrier, lack of cultural competence and perceived poor technical quality must be taken into account in the training of professionals and mediation resources. These results indicate non-compliance with laws and lack of policy implementation, so these must be reviewed, reinforced and maintained. As a result of many of these barriers immigrants use hospital emergency departments; their reduction would thus lead to greater adequacy of the utilization of the emergency departments

Diagnosis delay and follow-up strategies in colorectal cancer. Prognosis implications: a study protocol

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Controversy exists with regard to the impact that the different components of diagnosis delay may have on the degree of invasion and prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer. The follow-up strategies after treatment also vary considerably. The aims of this study are: a) to determine if the symptoms-to-diagnosis interval and the treatment delay modify the survival of patients with colorectal cancer, and b) to determine if different follow-up strategies are associated with a higher survival rate.</p> <p>Methods/Design</p> <p>Multi-centre study with prospective follow-up in five regions in Spain (Galicia, Balearic Islands, Catalonia, Aragón and Valencia) during the period 2010-2012. Incident cases are included with anatomopathological confirmation of colorectal cancer (International Classification of Diseases 9th revision codes 153-154) that formed a part of a previous study (n = 953).</p> <p>At the time of diagnosis, each patient was given a structured interview. Their clinical records will be reviewed during the follow-up period in order to obtain information on the explorations and tests carried out after treatment, and the progress of these patients.</p> <p>Symptoms-to-diagnosis interval is defined as the time calculated from the diagnosis of cancer and the first symptoms attributed to cancer. Treatment delay is defined as the time elapsed between diagnosis and treatment. In non-metastatic patients treated with curative intention, information will be obtained during the follow-up period on consultations performed in the digestive, surgery and oncology departments, as well as the endoscopies, tumour markers and imaging procedures carried out.</p> <p>Local recurrence, development of metastases in the follow-up, appearance of a new tumour and mortality will be included as outcome variables.</p> <p>Actuarial survival analysis with Kaplan-Meier curves, Cox regression and competitive risk survival analysis will be performed.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>This study will make it possible to verify if the different components of delay have an impact on survival rate in colon cancer and rectal cancer. In consequence, this multi-centre study will be able to detect the variability present in the follow-up of patients with colorectal cancer, and if this variability modifies the prognosis. Ideally, this study could determine which follow-up strategies are associated with a better prognosis in colorectal cancer.</p

Evolución del consumo de tabaco en trabajadores de un hospital de Cataluña

Background: In terms of tobacco consumption, health workers have been considered as reference group, however smoking prevalence in this group is higher than in general population. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of tobacco consumption among workers of a health institution in Catalonia during a period of 10 years (2001-2011), and to describe their characteristics. Methods: The questionnaire on tobacco consumption prevalence was validated, and was administered in 2001, 2004, 2008 and 2011. A random sampling was carried out in two acute care institutions. The characteristics of the study sample and the differences between smokers were analyzed using the chi-square test for linear trend. A logistic regression model was performed including all the surveys. Results: The smoking prevalence among health care workers for 2001, 2004, 2008 and 2011, was 30.00%, 34.42%, 36.21% and 29.42%, respectively. Women had the highest consumption prevalence (33,40%). Tobacco smoking decreased in medical staff, from 25.97% in 2001, to 18.88% in 2011 (p=0.005), and in nurses from 35,15% in 2001 to 25.61% in 2011 (p=0.007), but not among the administrative staff. Conclusion: Overall and for the first time, smoking prevalence in health workers begins to decrease. However, it does not decrease in the same way among all types of healthcare workers and the prevalence remains high when compared with the population prevalence. This consumption reduction coincides with the measures introduced by the program after the legislative changes.Fundamentos: En términos de consumo de tabaco los trabajadores sanitarios se consideran de referencia. Sin embargo la prevalencia de fumadores entre ellos es superior a la de la población general. Este estudio pretende estimar la evolución de la prevalencia del consumo de tabaco entre los profesionales de una institución sanitaria de Cataluña durante un período de 10 años (2001-2011) y describir sus características. Métodos: Encuesta validada de prevalencia del consumo de tabaco, realizada en 2001, 2004, 2008 y 2011. La muestra se estratificó en dos centros de atención de agudos de la institución. La selección de los participantes fue aleatoria. Se analizaron las características de la muestra y se compararon las diferencias entre fumadores por año, valorando con el test de chi-cuadrado de tendencia lineal. Se realizó un modelo de regresión logística incluyendo todas las encuestas conjuntamente. Resultados: La prevalencia de tabaquismo global de los profesionales sanitarios fue de 30,00%, 34,42%, 36,21% y 29,42% en los años 2001, 2004, 2008 y 2011 respectivamente. La prevalencia fue mayor en mujeres (33,40%). El consumo de tabaco disminuyó en el personal médico de 25,98% en el 2001 a 18,89% en el 2011 (p=0,005) y en el de enfermería del 35,16% en el 2001 al 25,61% en el 2011 (p=0,007). Conclusión: Globalmente la prevalencia de fumadores en profesionales del ámbito hospitalario comienza por primera vez a disminuir. Sin embargo, no disminuye por igual en todas las categorías profesionales y persiste alta comparada con la prevalencia poblacional. Esta reducción del consumo de tabaco coincide con las medidas introducidas por el programa tras los cambios legislativos

Inadequate visits to the emergency department by pregnant women

Inadequate emergency visits, which could be resolved in primary care, are an unnecessary expense for the healthcare service. We did a review of all gynaecology and obstetrics emergency visits by pregnant or postpartum women during 2010 and 2011 in order to describe the adequacy of the visits by pregnant women to the emergency service. We defined three levels of adequacy: adequate, moderately adequate, and inadequate. One thousand seven hundred and forty-three visits to the emergency room of gynaecology and obstetrics were studied. These consultation motivations were adequate in 38.9%, moderately adequate in 46.7% and inadequate in 14.4%. This shows that the amount of inadequate and moderately adequate visits to the emergency department could be reduced by 61% by implementing different interventions, and also reducing health spending for emergencies.Impact statement What is already known on this subject: Visits to the emergency room constitute a basic pillar in the hospital structure, and it generates great health expense. Other authors have reported high rates of inadequacy of these visits to the emergency services. They find inadequate visits are associated with young age and female gender among other factors. What the results of this study add: Knowing the adequacy of the visits generated by pregnant young women is a starting point for implementing health policies that could reduce these inadequate visits and consequently health expenditure could be reduced. What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research: These health policies could consequently reduce health expenditure

Ingreso hospitalario de los recién nacidos según el origen étnico y el país de procedencia de los progenitores en una área urbana de Barcelona Hospital admission in newborns according to ethnicity and parents' country of origin in an urban area of Barcelona (Spain)

Objetivo: El aumento continuado de la inmigración ha ocasionado un incremento de la natalidad a expensas de este grupo de población. El origen étnico y el nivel socioeconómico pueden ser factores que condicionen las diferencias de salud maternoinfantil. El objetivo fue conocer si hay diferencias en los diagnósticos neonatales según el origen étnico de los progenitores. Métodos: Estudio transversal retrospectivo de los recién nacidos vivos en el Hospital del Mar (Barcelona) entre 2003 y 2005. Las variables estudiadas fueron: riesgo de ingresar, categorías diagnósticas y grupo étnico de los progenitores. Resultados: El 46,7% de los 2.118 recién nacidos eran inmigrantes (mayoritariamente de Centroamérica y Sudamérica) y el 6,4% gitanos. En más del 60% de los 1.445 recién nacidos ingresados, la categoría diagnóstica más frecuente fue el riesgo o la sospecha de infección. Los recién nacidos no autóctonos y gitanos tuvieron más riesgo de embarazo poco o no controlado (odds ratio [OR] = 2,58; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 1,76-3,77, y OR = 5,84; IC95%: 3,45-9,90, respectivamente). Los recién nacidos no autóctonos tuvieron menos riesgo de bajo peso al nacimiento (OR = 0,17; IC95%: 0,03-0,90) y consumo materno de tóxicos (OR = 0,12; IC95%: 0,03-0,44). Conclusiones: Las diferencias en las categorías diagnósticas en los recién nacidos no autóctonos y gitanos, comparados con los autóctonos, no se deben a enfermedades importadas o a diferente carga genética, sino que posiblemente son consecuencia del entorno social y cultural de la gestante. Sería necesario reforzar y promover el uso de medidas preventivas de salud, así como mejorar el acceso y la calidad de la asistencia a estas mujeres y sus hijos.Objective: The birth rate in Spain has increased due to the continuous rise in the number of immigrants. Ethnic origin and socioeconomic position can be determining factors in differences in maternal and child health. The aim of the present study was to determine the possible existence of differences in neonatal diagnoses according to parental ethnic origin. Methods: We performed a retrospective, cross-sectional study of all live newborns delivered in Hospital del Mar (Barcelona) between 2003 and 2005. The variables studied were risk of admission, diagnostic classes, and parental ethnic group. Results: Of the 2118 newborns included in this study, 46.7% were of immigrant origin (mainly from Central and South America) and 6.4% were gypsies. More than 60% of the 1445 admitted newborns were included in the diagnostic class of risk or suspicion of infection. The risk of pregnancy with little or no prenatal care was higher in non-native and gypsy newborns (OR = 2.58; 95%CI: 1.76-3.77, and OR = 5.84; 95%CI: 3.45-9.90, respectively). The risk of low birth weight and maternal drug use were lower in non-native newborns (OR = 0.17; 95%CI: 0.03-0.90, and OR = 0.12; 95%CI: 0.03-0.44, respectively). Conclusions: Differences in non-native and gypsy newborns compared with native newborns are not due to imported or genetic diseases but are probably due to differences in the social and cultural environment during pregnancy. Preventive measures should be promoted and reinforced and access to and the quality of primary care should be improved in these mothers and their infants