Odor-Induced Multi-Level Inhibitory Maps in Drosophila

Optical imaging of intracellular Ca2+ influx as a correlate of neuronal excitation represents a standard technique for visualizing spatiotemporal activity of neuronal networks. However, the information-processing properties of single neurons and neuronal circuits likewise involve inhibition of neuronal membrane potential. Here, we report spatially resolved optical imaging of odor-evoked inhibitory patterns in the olfactory circuitry of Drosophila using a genetically encoded fluorescent Cl- sensor. In combination with the excitatory component reflected by intracellular Ca2+ dynamics, we present a comprehensive functional map of both odor-evoked neuronal activation and inhibition at different levels of olfactory processing. We demonstrate that odor-evoked inhibition carried by Cl- influx is present both in sensory neurons and second-order projection neurons (PNs), and is characterized by stereotypic, odor-specific patterns. Cl--mediated inhibition features distinct dynamics in different neuronal populations. Our data support a dual role of inhibitory neurons in the olfactory system: global gain control across the neuronal circuitry and glomerulus-specific inhibition to enhance neuronal information processing

Brexit is on: Britain votes to leave the EU – experts respond

First paragraph: The United Kingdom has voted in a referendum to leave the European Union. It is a result which will have dramatic implications for the future of the global economy, international relations and the European continent. The UK Prime Minister, David Cameron, has given notice of his intention to resign. Here, leading experts offering explanations and opinions on what is an unprecedented geopolitical and economic situation. This article will update through the day. Access this article on The Conversation website: https://theconversation.com/brexit-is-on-britain-votes-to-leave-the-eu-experts-respond-6157

1991: Abilene Christian College Bible Lectures - Full Text

PRAISING GOD: THEMES FROM THE PSALMS Being the Abilene Christian University Annual Bible Lectures 1991 Published by ACU PRESS 1648 Campus Court Abilene, Texas 7960

How do you foresee the requirements for ultrasonic standards changing as NDE evolves from a defect detection mode to a quantitative defect characterization mode?

The topic of our panel discussion is: How do you foresee the requirements for ultrasonic standards changing as NDE evolves from a defect detection mode to a defect characterization mode? We\u27ve heard a number of comments yesterday and today about the problem of standards. Our plan for the balance of the day in the panel session is to hear from a group of experts who have had considerable experience, and therefore, have developed varied opinions on the problem of standards. We\u27ll hear briefly from each of them, and then have an open discussion where those in the audience are invited to participate

Drought and re-watering modify ethylene production and sensitivity, and are associated with coffee anthesis

Coffee flowering requires a period of water deficit followed by rainfall to break flower bud dormancy and promote anthesis. Since drought followed by re-watering can increase shoot ethylene production, we investigated changes in root, leaf and flower bud ethylene production and expression of genes within the ethylene biosynthesis and signalling pathways and their relationship to coffee flowering. Drought decreased foliar and flower bud ethylene production without changing root ethylene production, even though all tissues likely accumulated the ethylene precursor ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid), since ACS gene expression was maintained while ACO gene expression decreased. The ethylene receptor CaETR4-like was not differentially expressed in leaves under water deficit, but it was downregulated in roots. Re-watering restored shoot ethylene production, which seems important in promoting anthesis. 1-MCP (1- Methylcyclopropene), an ethylene action inhibitor, triggered coffee anthesis without re-watering the plants, which hitherto was considered essential to allow flowering. 1-MCP positively regulated foliar and flower bud ethylene biosynthesis genes (CaACS1-like and CaACO1-like), similar to re-watering, and downregulated CaETR4-like, suggesting that changes in ethylene levels and sensitivity are required to promote coffee anthesis. Thus, drought and re-watering-induced changes in ethylene levels and sensitivity allow coffee flowering, while the growth regulator 1-MCP can potentially regulate anthesis time and intensity

The Grizzly, November 29, 2001

UC Blueskies Calls for Help with Recycling • AIDS Legacy Continues in Poor Countries • Economics and Business Administration Panel Discussion Offers Students Advice on Finding Job Connections • Volunteers Wanted for NBA League Jam Session • UC Group Makes Plans for Alternative Spring Break • New California Law Enables Women to Obtain Emergency Contraceptive Pills without a Prescription • Opinions: So This is Christmas?; Family Bonding is Better than Trip to Spain; Letter of Apology • Messiah to Hit the Stage • Jazz Ensemble Keeps it Swinging • Comparative Pricing: Local Gasoline • Dougherty Finishes 123rd at Nationals • 8+6+9 = Success for UC Wrestling Team • Lady Bears Knocked off by Susquehanna • Duncan Selected as a Finalist for the Gagliardi Trophy • Captains Leading the Way to Victory for Bears Swimming • Bears Basketball Still Looking for First Winhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1502/thumbnail.jp

The moral obligation to be vaccinated: utilitarianism, contractualism, and collective easy rescue

Despite the success of vaccines in preventing and sometimes eradicating infectious diseases, and despite their demonstrated safety (Navin 2015, p. 6; CDC 2015a; Andre et al 2008), many people today refuse vaccination for themselves or their children. In the U.S. there has been a significant increase in cases of measles over the last few years due to increasingly widespread non-vaccination: in 2014, for example, there were 667 reported cases, the highest number since measles elimination was documented in the U.S. in 2000 (CDC 2016a). Similarly, in different parts of Europe there were measles outbreaks in 2016 and 2017, due to a significant decrease in measles vaccination rates; for example, in Italy there were more than 3,300 cases of measles in the first half of 2017, 88% of which were not vaccinated and 7% of which received just one dose of vaccine (ECDC 2017). Before the introduction of the measles vaccination program in 1963, 3-4 million people in the US were infected by measles every year, and 4-500 of them died (CDC, 2015b)

Massively distributed authorship of academic papers

Wiki-like or crowdsourcing models of collaboration can provide a number of benefits to academic work. These techniques may engage expertise from different disciplines, and potentially increase productivity. This paper presents a model of massively distributed collaborative authorship of academic papers. This model, developed by a collective of thirty authors, identifies key tools and techniques that would be necessary or useful to the writing process. The process of collaboratively writing this paper was used to discover, negotiate, and document issues in massively authored scholarship. Our work provides the first extensive discussion of the experiential aspects of large-scale collaborative research.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft