Associations of maternal and adolescent religiosity and spirituality with adolescent alcohol use in Chile: implications for social work practice

To inform social work practice with adolescents who may consume alcohol, we examined if alcohol use among Chilean adolescents varied as a function of their mothers’ and their own religiosity and spirituality. Data were from 787 Chilean adolescents and their mothers. Adolescent spirituality was a protective factor against more deleterious alcohol use. Parental monitoring and alcohol using opportunities mediated the associations. The practice of religious behaviors by themselves without meaningful faith were not associated with alcohol use among adolescents. Implications for social work practice are discussed.This research was funded by the US National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01 02118). The project also received support from the Curtis Research and Training Center of the School of Social Work at the University of Michigan and from the University of Michigan Substance Abuse Research Center Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award T32 DA007267. (R01 02118 - US National Institute on Drug Abuse; Curtis Research and Training Center of the School of Social Work at the University of Michigan; T32 DA007267 - University of Michigan Substance Abuse Research Center Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service

The association of recreational space with youth smoking in low-socioeconomic status neighborhoods in Santiago, Chile

OBJECTIVES: This study examines the relationship of neighborhood recreational space with youth smoking in mid- to low-income areas in the capital of Chile, Santiago. METHODS: A unique data set of adolescents (n = 779, mean age = 14, 51 % male) provided home addresses of study participants which were geocoded and mapped. Satellite maps of neighborhoods were used to identify open spaces for recreational use (e.g., soccer fields and plazas). Thiessen polygons were generated to associate study participants with the nearest available open space using ArcGIS. Regression models, with smoking as a dependent variable, were estimated in which age, sex, family socioeconomic status, peer substance usage, neighborhood crime, and accessibility of open space were covariates. RESULTS: The results show that residential proximity to recreational space was significantly and inversely associated with tobacco consumption among female, but not male, adolescents. Age and neighborhood crime were both positively associated with tobacco consumption among both male and female adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that recreational spaces in proximity to residences may have a positive impact on reducing adolescents' inclination to consume tobacco. The relationship of the accessibility to such spaces with smoking appears to vary by adolescents' sex.R01 HD033487 - NICHD NIH HHS; R01 DA021181 - NIDA NIH HH

Ecological factors and adolescent marijuana use: results of a prospective study in Santiago, Chile

PURPOSE: Despite the growing evidence that ecological factors contribute to substance use, the relationship of ecological factors and illicit drugs such as marijuana use is not well understood, particularly among adolescents in Latin America. Guided by social disorganization and social stress theories, we prospectively examined the association of disaggregated neighborhood characteristics with marijuana use among adolescents in Santiago, Chile, and tested if these relationships varied by sex. METHODS: Data for this study are from 725 community-dwelling adolescents participating in the Santiago Longitudinal Study, a study of substance using behaviors among urban adolescents in Santiago, Chile. Adolescents completed a two-hour interviewer administered questionnaire with questions about drug use and factors related to drug using behaviors. RESULTS: As the neighborhood levels of drug availability at baseline increased, but not crime or noxious environment, adolescents had higher odds of occasions of marijuana use at follow up, approximately 2 years later (odds ratio [OR] = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.16–1.66), even after controlling for the study’s covariates. No interactions by sex were significant. DISCUSSION: The findings suggest that “poverty”, “crime”, and “drug problems” may not be synonyms and thus can be understood discretely. As Latin American countries re-examine their drug policies, especially those concerning decriminalizing marijuana use, the findings suggest that attempts to reduce adolescent marijuana use in disadvantaged neighborhoods may do best if efforts are concentrated on specific features of the “substance abuse environment”.We are extremely grateful to the families in Chile for their participation in this study. This study received support from the U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01 DA021181; T32 DA007267) and the Vivian A. and James L. Curtis School of Social Work Research and Training Center. (R01 DA021181 - U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse; T32 DA007267 - U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse; Vivian A. and James L. Curtis School of Social Work Research and Training Center

Evaluación de sitios para el establecimiento de plantaciones forestales de Bolaina blanca (Guazuma crinita), con fines comerciales

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Departamento Académico de Industrias ForestalesEn el presente trabajo se realizó la evaluación de una zona para determinar si las condiciones de sitio son aptas para realizar la instalación de plantaciones de bolaina blanca (Guazuma crinita Mart.) con fines comerciales y para obtener protocolos de evaluación previo a la compra de un predio por parte de la empresa. Se desarrolló en uno de los predios propiedad de la empresa Reforestadora Amazónica S.A. (RAMSA); ubicado en la región Huánuco, provincia de Puerto Inca, distrito de Yuyapichis. La evaluación se inició en gabinete con información primaria de fisiografía, geología, clima y tipos de suelo en la zona. En el trabajo de campo se obtuvieron muestras de suelo para su respectivo análisis e interpretación con base en los requerimientos de la especie. Se logró elaborar un protocolo de evaluación de predios en beneficio de la empresa; encontrándose que de las 400 hectáreas que posee el predio, solo 264 hectáreas (66%) serían aptas para instalar una plantación de bolaina blanca.This work was developed in one of the properties owned by the company Reforestadora Amazónica S.A. (RAMSA), which is located in Yuyapichis, a district from Puerto Inca province, Huánuco region. The area assessment was carried out to determine if the site conditions are suitable for the installation of bolaina blanca (Guazuma crinita Mart.) plantations with commercial purposes and to obtain assessment protocols prior the purchasing of properties. The evaluation in the office began with primary information on physiography, geology, climate and types of soil in the area, to then do the work in the field obtaining soil samples for their respective analysis and interpretation based on the requirements of the species. An assessment protocol for the benefit of the company was achieved. In addition, it was found that of the 400 hectares owned by the property, only 264 hectares (66%) would be suitable to install a bolaina blanca plantation

Factors of desertion in LEI students (2014 generation)

"From the basic levels of education in Mexico, school desertion begins, since the higher level is also affected by the low percentages of students who successfully conclude their studies. The proposal came from my personal observation the phenomenon of university desertion very closely, not only with my schoolmates, but also in the context in which we live, which is alarming, because the lack of interest and opportunities to complete university studies affects directly society and in general it triggers other social problems. Therefore, in this research, the aim is to find which are the most common factors for desertion in order to draw possible solutions to reduce the desertion rate in “Licenciatura en la Enseñza del Ingles” at BUAP"

Estudio de factibilidad para la implementación de una granja lechera con un sistema intensivo, en el sector de Sacramento, Cantón Cumandá.

La investigación planteó estudiar la factibilidad de la implementación de una granja lechera en un sistema intensivo, en Sacramento, cantón Cumandá, provincia de Chimborazo. El área requerida para el proyecto es de 1.5 Has, de las cuales: 1,0 Ha, de pasto Pennisetum sp. (Maralfalfa) para alimentar los animales en ración picada y 0,5 Has para establo, sala de ordeño y parideras. Se utilizará 37 vacas de la raza Jersey, de las cuales el 80% son productivas y el 20% secas. Estos animales en promedio tendrán una producción de 14,0 litros/vaca/día, obteniéndose en la finca en total 406,0 litros de leche/día. El proyecto requiere de 113546,0 dólares, financiados con un crédito a diez años plazo y por capital propio. Al proyectar los ingresos con los parámetros productivos indicados, obtenemos flujos de caja positivos para los diez años de duración del proyecto. Al evaluar financieramente el Valor Actual Neto (VAN) resultó 54764,54 dólares; La Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR) de 24,7% y la relación Beneficio/Costo (B/C) de 1,18 dólares. Esto nos indica claramente una viabilidad financiera positiva. En conclusión la investigación, es técnica, económica y financieramente viable. Se recomienda transformar e industrializar la materia orgánica que se genere en el proyecto.The research proposed to study the feasibility of implementing a dairy farm through an intensive located in the city of Sacramento, Cumandá Country, Chimborazo Province. The area required for the project covers 1.5 Ha, which includes 1.0 Ha, of Maralfalfa grass (Pennisetum sp.) to feed cattle with chopped herb, 0.5 Ha for stable, milk room and maternity stall. Besides it requires 37 Jersey breed cows; the 80% are productive and 20% dry cows. The animals will have an average production of 14.0 liters / cow / day, obtaining 406.0 liters of milk / day on the farm. The study needs 113,546.0 dollar that are financed by a credit up to ten year period and own capital. On the other hand, it was possible to identify the income according to the production parameters already presented obtaining positive cash flows for the ten years of the project. Thus, when evaluating financially the net present value (NPV) got 54,764.54 dollars, the internal rate of return (IRR) of 24.7% and the Benefit/Cost ratio of 1.18 dollars, so that these data indicate a positive financial viability. In conclusion, the research is technically, economically and financially feasible. It is recommended to transform and industrialise organic matter generated in the project

Estela de Didia, hijo de Hatiay, superintendente de los escribas de Amón

La palabra estela designa a un tipo específico de monumento egipcio. Eran erigidas con propósitos muy diversos, públicos y privados: algunas marcaban los límites entre Egipto y los países extranjeros; otras aseguraban la supervivencia del espíritu en la otra vida, desde el interior de una tumba. En todos los casos, las estelas registraban aquellos eventos cruciales en las vidas de los egipcios –de determinados estratos de la sociedad– para que persistieran a través del tiempo, o mejor dicho, escaparan de él. De ahí que, aunque se utilizaban distintos materiales, usualmente fueron talladas sobre granito, caliza y basalto. Constituyen, por lo tanto, uno de los mejores ejemplos del significado trascendente que los egipcios adjudicaban a su arte y al lenguaje escrito.Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales (IdIHCS

Análisis del Impuesto Redimible a las Botellas Plásticas No Retornables en el Ecuador

A fines de 2011, Ecuador aprobó la Ley de Fomento Ambiental y Optimización de los Ingresos del Estado, que incluyó un impuesto redimible de US$0,02 centavos por unidad de las botellas plásticas no retornables, convirtiéndose en el país pionero en la aplicación de estos gravámenes sobre desechos en una región que sigue debatiéndose en las dudas sobre cómo crecer sin comprometer el frágil equilibrio natural. La presente investigación analiza los resultados multidimensionales de la aplicación del impuesto en el período 2012 - 2014 a fin de determinar si cumplió con las funciones extrafiscales fijadas por las autoridades nacionales: reducir la contaminación ambiental, introducir cambios en los patrones de consumo e impulsar la industria del reciclaje. Conforme los datos obtenidos, a través de la aplicación del impuesto, tipo pigouviano, bajo la modalidad de depósito-reembolso, Ecuador obtuvo niveles de reciclaje de botellas plásticas superiores al 100$ 12,8 millones a fin de mantener la operatividad del sistema. Entre el 2012 y 2014, la caja fiscal reportó una recaudación bruta de US$83,5 millones, pero devolvió US$ 96,3 millones en conjunto a embotelladores, importadores y centros de acopio, por la existencia de cargas de envases introducidos desde los países vecinos. En este escenario, el impuesto es analizado como carga e incentivo dada la dualidad existente en la fórmula ecuatoriana y además se pasa revista a la necesidad de introducir reformas normativas para evitar fallas de mercado que vuelvan inviable el tributo, la hipótesis de la investigación

Estudio de factibilidad para la implementación de una granja lechera con un sistema intensivo, en el sector de Sacramento, Cantón Cumandá.

La investigación planteó estudiar la factibilidad de la implementación de una granja lechera en un sistema intensivo, en Sacramento, cantón Cumandá, provincia de Chimborazo. El área requerida para el proyecto es de 1.5 Has, de las cuales: 1,0 Ha, de pasto Pennisetum sp. (Maralfalfa) para alimentar los animales en ración picada y 0,5 Has para establo, sala de ordeño y parideras. Se utilizará 37 vacas de la raza Jersey, de las cuales el 80% son productivas y el 20% secas. Estos animales en promedio tendrán una producción de 14,0 litros/vaca/día, obteniéndose en la finca en total 406,0 litros de leche/día. El proyecto requiere de 113546,0 dólares, financiados con un crédito a diez años plazo y por capital propio. Al proyectar los ingresos con los parámetros productivos indicados, obtenemos flujos de caja positivos para los diez años de duración del proyecto. Al evaluar financieramente el Valor Actual Neto (VAN) resultó 54764,54 dólares; La Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR) de 24,7% y la relación Beneficio/Costo (B/C) de 1,18 dólares. Esto nos indica claramente una viabilidad financiera positiva. En conclusión la investigación, es técnica, económica y financieramente viable. Se recomienda transformar e industrializar la materia orgánica que se genere en el proyecto.The research proposed to study the feasibility of implementing a dairy farm through an intensive located in the city of Sacramento, Cumandá Country, Chimborazo Province. The area required for the project covers 1.5 Ha, which includes 1.0 Ha, of Maralfalfa grass (Pennisetum sp.) to feed cattle with chopped herb, 0.5 Ha for stable, milk room and maternity stall. Besides it requires 37 Jersey breed cows; the 80% are productive and 20% dry cows. The animals will have an average production of 14.0 liters / cow / day, obtaining 406.0 liters of milk / day on the farm. The study needs 113,546.0 dollar that are financed by a credit up to ten year period and own capital. On the other hand, it was possible to identify the income according to the production parameters already presented obtaining positive cash flows for the ten years of the project. Thus, when evaluating financially the net present value (NPV) got 54,764.54 dollars, the internal rate of return (IRR) of 24.7% and the Benefit/Cost ratio of 1.18 dollars, so that these data indicate a positive financial viability. In conclusion, the research is technically, economically and financially feasible. It is recommended to transform and industrialise organic matter generated in the project

Carolina Martínez, Mundos perfectos y extraños en los confines del Orbis Terrarum. Utopía y expansión ultramarina en la modernidad temprana (siglos XVI-XVIII)

Reseña bibliográfica de Mundos perfectos y extraños en los confines del Orbis Terrarum. Utopía y expansión ultramarina en la modernidad temprana (siglos XVI-XVIII) de Carolina Martínez, Buenos Aires, Miño y Dávila, 2019, 300 pp