Cálculos e análises para o plantio de árvores na compensação das emissões de gases do efeito estufa emitido pelo gado Calculation and analysis for the planting of trees in the compensation of the emission of greenhouse gases emitted by cattle

A criação de rebanhos bovinos emite Gases do Efeito Estufa (GEE), sendo que o metano (CH4) possui um potencial de aquecimento global avaliado em 21 vezes maior do que o dióxido de carbono (CO2). Com a crescente pressão, em direção a práticas que diminuam ou compensem as emissões de GEE, surge a questão, quantas árvores são necessárias para compensar as emissões do gado? Neste artigo são analisadas as variáveis e os cálculos que são feitos para servir de base a programas como o Carbono Compensado LEPAC. Comparou-se dados da Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), do Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas (IPCC), e de alguns pesquisadores. São propostas bases e estimativas para se chegar a um número de árvores da Mata Atlântica Ombrófila necessárias no programa que foi desenvolvido em Paraty - RJ. Considerando-se os argumentos e ponderações, e no sentido de que pecuaristas da região da Costa Verde e do vale do Paraíba possam apoiar programas para suas compensações, chegamos a que um boi dessa região emite 610 kg CO2 e por ano. E uma árvore do Programa Carbono Compensado LEPAC sequestra em sua vida 200kg CO2e. Isso leva, portanto, ao plantio de três árvores para a compensação anual da emissão de cada animal.AbstractRaising cattle result in greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, and methane (CH4) has a global warming potential estimated at 21 times greater than carbon dioxide (CO2). With the increasing pressure toward practices to reduce or offset GHG emissions, the question that arises is how many trees are needed to offset the emissions from livestock? In this article it was discussed variables and calculations to serve as a basis for programs like the Carbon Offset LEPAC (Unicamp, Paraty, RJ). We compared data from FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), from the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), and from some researchers. Bases and estimates are proposed to establish a number of trees from the Atlantic rainforest required in the program that was being developed in Paraty. Considering the arguments and weights, and in order that farmers in the region of the Costa Verde and the Paraiba valley can support programs for their cattle compensation, it could be concluded that a cattle head in this region emits 610 kg CO2e per year. And a tree planted for the Carbon Offset LEPAC offsets 200 kg CO2e during its lifespan. This therefore leads to the planting of three trees to offset the annual emissions of each animal

Recovery of the forest cover of the Quilombo do Cabral at Paraty, RJ - basis for a socio-environmental extension project

  ABSTRACT During three years of a carbon offset program (CCLepac), the extension laboratory of Unicamp (LEPAC) in Paraty (RJ) undertook the planting of about 8,000 trees on the verges of the BR-101 Rio-Santos highway, in order to inhibit grass growth and reduce the risk of accidental fires on the verges. In November 2010, the CCLepac project received institutional support from APA Cairuçu / ICMBio, and a request for planting in order to recover degraded areas of the municipality of Quilombo do Cabral. This paper presents the elaboration of a project for environmental recuperation using fire reduction techniques, soil preservation, connection of forest fragments, and agro-forestry systems (SAF), considering the interests and involvement of the local community. The Quilombo do Cabral has an area of 512.8 ha and a perimeter of 9,784 m, with approximately 4.5 km of secondary roads, and 35 to 40% of this area could be reforested. The project is coordinated by an interagency group composed of representatives of LEPAC/UNICAMP, EMBRAPA, UFRRJ, ICMBio, SEDUMA, and the company Carbono Florestal. Prior consultations and community outreach, as well as field surveys, were conducted by Carbono Florestal and LEPAC. We discuss the actions taken and planned, indicating the priority areas for biological corridors and SAF, as well as possible options for financing. </p

Recuperación de la cubierta forestal de lo Quilombo do Cabral en Paraty, RJ - bases para un proyecto socio-ambiental de extensión

O laboratório de extensão da Unicamp em Paraty, RJ (LEPAC) conseguiu em três anos com o programa Carbono Compensado (CCLepac) o plantio de cerca de 8.000 árvores nas margens da rodovia BR-101 (trecho Rio-Santos), de forma a inibir o capim e reduzir queimadas criminosas nas encostas da rodovia. Em novembro 2010 o CCLepac recebeu apoio institucional da APA Cairuçu/ICMBio e a indicação para plantio de forma a recuperar áreas  degradadas do município, como o quilombo do Cabral. O presente trabalho apresenta a construção de um projeto socioambiental para essa recuperação, por meio de técnicas de redução de queimadas, recuperação de solo, conectividade de fragmentos e Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAF) de acordo com o interesse e envolvimento da comunidade local. O quilombo possui 512,8 ha de área e perímetro de 9.784 m, com aproximadamente 4,5 km de estradas vicinais, sendo que 35 a 40% dessa área pode ser reflorestada. A elaboração do projeto está sendo realizada por um grupo interinstitucional composto por representantes do LEPAC/UNICAMP, EMBRAPA, UFRRJ, ICMBio, SEDUMA e a empresa Carbono Florestal. Atividades de consulta prévia e sensibilização da comunidade, bem como levantamentos de campo foram realizados pela Carbono Florestal e LEPAC. Discutem-se as ações realizadas e previstas, indicando-se as áreas prioritárias para corredores biológicos e SAF, bem como as possíveis formas de financiamento.During three years of a carbon offset program (CCLepac), the extension laboratory of Unicamp (LEPAC) in Paraty (RJ) undertook the planting of about 8,000 trees on the verges of the BR-101 Rio-Santos highway, in order to inhibit grass growth and reduce the risk of accidental fires on the verges. In November 2010, the CCLepac project received institutional support from APA Cairuçu / ICMBio, and a request for planting in order to recover degraded areas of the municipality of Quilombo do Cabral. This paper presents the elaboration of a project for environmental recuperation using fire reduction techniques, soil preservation, connection of forest fragments, and agro-forestry systems (SAF), considering the interests and involvement of the local community. The Quilombo do Cabral has an area of 512.8 ha and a perimeter of 9,784 m, with approximately 4.5 km of secondary roads, and 35 to 40% of this area could be reforested. The project is coordinated by an interagency group composed of representatives of LEPAC/UNICAMP, EMBRAPA, UFRRJ, ICMBio, SEDUMA, and the company Carbono Florestal. Prior consultations and community outreach, as well as field surveys, were conducted by Carbono Florestal and LEPAC. We discuss the actions taken and planned, indicating the priority areas for biological corridors and SAF, as well as possible options for financing.El laboratorio de extensión de Unicamp en Paraty, RJ (LEPAC) logró en tres años con el programa de compensación de carbono (CCLepac) la plantación de unos 8.000 árboles en las orillas de la BR-101 (Río-Santos) con el fin de inhibir la hierba y reducir los incendios criminales en las laderas de la carretera. En noviembre de 2010, el CCLepac recibido el apoyo institucional de APA Cairuçu / ICMBio y la indicación para la plantación con el fin de recuperar las áreas degradadas del municipio, como el Quilombo de Cabral. En este trabajo se presenta la construcción de un proyecto para la recuperación del medio ambiente a través de las técnicas de reducción de incendios, recuperación de suelos, conectividad de fragmentos y sistemas agroforestales (SAF) de acuerdo con el interés y la participación de la comunidad local. El Quilombo tiene 512,8 hectáreas de área y el perímetro de 9.784m, con aproximadamente 4,5 km de carreteras, de los cuales el 35 y el 40% de esta área puede ser reforestadas. El proyecto de desarrollo está siendo llevado a cabo por un grupo interinstitucional compuesto por representantes de LEPAC / UNICAMP, EMBRAPA / UFRRJ, ICMBio, SEDUMA y la empresa Carbono Florestal. Actividades previas de consulta y acercamiento a la comunidad, así como los estudios de campo se llevaron a cabo por la Carbono Florestal y LEPAC. Se discuten las medidas adoptadas y previstas, indicando las áreas prioritarias de corredores biológicos y SAF, así como las posibles formas de financiación

Larval Susceptibility of Two Culex quinquefasciatus Populations (Diptera: Culicidae) Temephos® in the City of Naviraí, MS, Brazil

The control mosquito populations in Brazil is needed to prevent disease transmission and nuisance to man, and avoid causing deaths and economic losses. &nbsp;The susceptibility of two populations of Culex quinquefasciatus to the larvicide temephos was evaluated. Larvae were collected in septic tanks at the neighborhoods of Vila Nova and Varjão (Naviraí, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil), and submitted to different concentrations of the insecticide, being possible to calculate lethal concentrations. The results showed that there is resistance to this organophosphate, when considering the degree of mortality at the diagnosis concentration (DC), indicated by WHO, what was confirmed by the high values found for LCs. We discussed the role of larvicide in national dengue control program and the agricultural use of organophosphates in the region. The results indicate the need to adopt integrated management practices vectors against this mosquito that causes discomfort. DOI:&nbsp;http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v7i3.74

Larval Susceptibility of Two Culex quinquefasciatus Populations (Diptera: Culicidae) Temephos® in the City of Naviraí, MS, Brazil

The control mosquito populations in Brazil is needed to prevent disease transmission and nuisance to man, and avoid causing deaths and economic losses.  The susceptibility of two populations of Culex quinquefasciatus to the larvicide temephos was evaluated. Larvae were collected in septic tanks at the neighborhoods of Vila Nova and Varjão (Naviraí, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil), and submitted to different concentrations of the insecticide, being possible to calculate lethal concentrations. The results showed that there is resistance to this organophosphate, when considering the degree of mortality at the diagnosis concentration (DC), indicated by WHO, what was confirmed by the high values found for LCs. We discussed the role of larvicide in national dengue control program and the agricultural use of organophosphates in the region. The results indicate the need to adopt integrated management practices vectors against this mosquito that causes discomfort. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v7i3.74

Competência vetorial de Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 exposto a diferentes densidades de microfilárias de Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856)

The metropolitan region of Recife, Brazil is endemic for Dirofilaria immitis and has an environment favorable to the development of Culex quinquefasciatus. The goal of this study was to evaluate the vector competence of the Cx. quinquefasciatus RECIFE population for D. immitis transmission. A total of 2,104 females of Cx. quinquefasciatus RECIFE population were exposed to different densities of D. immitis microfilariae blood meals, ranging from 1,820 to 2,900 mf/ml of blood, in a natural membrane apparatus. The results showed a variation between 92.3% and 98.8% of females fed. The exposure of the Cx. quinquefasciatus RECIFE population to different densities of microfilariae did not influence the mortality of the mosquitoes. Infective larvae from D. immitis were observed in the Malpighian tubules beginning on the 12th day, whereas larvae were observed in the head and proboscis beginning on the 13th day following infection. The vector efficiency index (VEI) presented by the mosquitoes ranged from 7.8 to 56.5. The data demonstrates that the Cx. quinquefasciatus RECIFE population has great potential for the transmission of D. immitis, as it allowed the development of the filarid until the infectious stage at the different densities of microfilariae to which it was exposed.A Região Metropolitana do Recife é endêmica para Dirofilaria immitis e possui ambiente favorável para o desenvolvimento de Culex quinquefasciatus. Neste estudo avaliou-se a competência vetorial de Cx. quinquefasciatus população RECIFE para a transmissão de D. immitis. Para tanto, 2.104 fêmeas de Cx. quinquefasciatus população RECIFE foram expostas a diferentes densidades de microfilárias de D. immitis, variando de 1.820 a 2.900 mf/ml de sangue por meio de membrana natural. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram variação de 92,3% a 98,8% de fêmeas ingurgitadas após a alimentação. A exposição de Cx. quinquefasciatus população RECIFE a diferentes densidades de microfilárias não influenciou na mortalidade dos mosquitos. Larvas infectantes de D. immitis foram observadas nos túbulos de Malpighi a partir do 12º dia, enquanto na cabeça e na probóscide foram observadas a partir do 13º dia após a infecção. Os índices de eficiência vetorial (IEV) apresentados pelo culicídeo variaram de 7,8 a 56,5. Os dados obtidos demonstraram que Cx. quinquefasciatus população RECIFE tem grande potencial para a transmissão de D. immitis, pois permitiu o desenvolvimento do filarídeo até o estágio infectante nas diferentes densidades de microfilárias às quais foi exposto.65866

Estudos ecologicos e patologicos da proliedrose nuclear de Alabama argillacea (Hubner, 1818) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae)

Orientador : Mohamed E. M. HabibDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: No presente trabalho foi detectada e avaliada a ocorrência natural da virose poliedro-nuclear (VPN) em populações de Alabama argillacea (curuquerê do algodão), nas regiões de Campinas/SP e Mogi-Guaçú/SP. Os parasitos de A. argillacea principalmente os Tachinidae, mostraram ter papel fundamental na dispersão do vírus e na manutenção da doença. Tais parasitos, junto com outros fatores bióticos de mortalidade determinaram altos níveis de controle natural dessa praga. No laboratório, quando infectadas experimentalmente, as larvas de A. argillacea mostraram uma típica seqüência de sinais patológicos, caracterizada por várias etapas. O tempo de duração das fases pré-mortais dependeu de vários fatores como dose, idade e condições pré-infecção. Os estudos histopatológicos revelaram alterações a nível dos órgãos, tecidos e células, nas larvas infectadas pelo vírus. Tais alterações resultaram nas disfunções e degenerações observadas determinando a morte do inseto. Os tecidos mais afetados foram: adiposo, epiderme, matriz traqueal e sistema nervoso. Nucleocapsídeos sem envelope (297,54 por 63,07 nm) citoplasmas das células infectadas. Os com envelope (311,35 por 102,02 nm) foram encontrados somente nos núcleos. Poliedros em formação, estromas virais e elemento fibrilares também foram detectados nas células atacadas. Poliedros desenvolvidos (1,6?um'm de diâmetro) foram abundantes na hemolinfa e tecidos decompostos das larvas mortas pela doença... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digitalbstract: Natural occurence of NPV in populations of Alabama argillacea was detected and evaluated several times, during the present work, in cotton fields (Campinas, SP. and Mogi-Gúaçú,SP) and laboratory. Some entomophagous insects, principally tachinid parasites, was shown to have an important role as agents responsible for disperssion and maintenance of the virus. Populations of this insect pest suffered high natural mortalities due to the combined action of entomophagous insects and pathogen. Typical symptoms caracterized by morphological and behavioral alterations were described. The duration of different pre-mortal stages varied according to dose, age and stress conditions. System, tissues and cells suffered disturbances, disintegration and total mal-function resulting in death to the infected larvae. Nervous system, fat tissue, epidermal cells and tracheal matrix suffered more effects than in other sites. Nucleocapsids, as well as polyhedra, were measured in purified material and its presence in the diseased cells was detected. Some physiological disturbances were evaluated through responses of ocelli as well as fore-gut activities in diseased larvae, utilizing electrographic records. The activities of these two organs in infected larvae, when compared with healthy ones, was significantly associated with many external symptoms. The susceptibility tests revealed how the response of the larvae to the pathogen is related to many factors, such as dose, age and experimental conditions. Within the modern criteria of insect pest control, it is suggested that NPV of A. argillacea could be easily utilized in integrated control of this insect speciesMestradoEcologiaMestre em Ciências Biológica

Ecologia de supressão de populações de culicideos e simulideos

Orientador : Mohamed E. M. HabibTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: Dentro de um enfoque ecológico , o presente estudo se propõe a investigar o potencial supressivo de alguns agentes, objetivando a elaboração de critérios e metodologias para o manejo de populações de pernilongos e borrachudos. O trabalho foi desenvolvido tanto sob condições de campo como de laboratório e se concentra nas duas espécies ma s importantes nas condições do Estado de São Paulo: o pernilongo doméstico Culex guinguefasciatus e o borrachudo Simulium pertinax. Outras duas espécies de mosquitos consideradas vetoras, Aedes aegypti e Anopheles triannulatus também foram estudadas. Avaliou-se como agentes químicos o Organofosforado Tenefós e 'reguladores¿ de crescimento a base de Benzoilfeniluréia. Como larvicidas biológicos foram avaliadas duas bactérias já industrializadas e de uso corrente no exterior. Por meio de bioensaios efetuados sob condições controladas (susceptibilidade absoluta), verificou-se que o Diflubenzuron atua eficientemente em concentrações pequenas contra as larvas de Cx. Guinguefasciatus. O Temefós mostrou eficiências semelhantes às encontradas por outros autores em espécies correlatas, no entanto fora dos padrões propostos pela O.M.S. ... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digitalAbstract: Abstract: The present work was undertaken to investigate the potentiality of some agents to suppress populations of mosquitoes as well as blackflies, within an ecological framework. The work was undertaken under field and laboratory conditions. These investigations concentrate principally on the most important species, in the State of São Paulo: the domestic mosquito Culex guinguefasciatus and Simulium pertinax. However, both of them do not play any important role as vector of human diseases and are recognized as the most important anthopophylic dipterous species in our State. Populations of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles triannulatus very important vectores, were investigated in present study. Two chemical products and two microbial insecticides were utilized as mortality factors. Low concentrations of products based on Diflubenzuron showed to be very effective against Cx. Guinguefasciatus. The results obtained for the organophosphorus compound Temefos showed to be similar to those of the WHO recommendadions concerning the normal levels of sensitivity to this compound. ... Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertationsDoutoradoEcologiaDoutor em Ciências Biológica

Melanization of Dirofilaria immitis Larvae in Different Culicid Species

Background: Dirofilaria immitis is an important filarioid transmitted by culicids. The vector role of these arthropods may be influenced by biological events as melanization against D. immitis larvae. This study aimed to detect the occurrence of melanization in Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus experimentally infected with D. immitis. Methods: Five populations (Cx. quinquefasciatus RECIFE (P1), Ae. albopictus RECIFE (P2), Ae. aegypti RECIFE (P3), Ae. aegypti CAMPINAS (P4) and Ae. aegypti ROCKEFELLER (P5)) were artificially fed with infected blood containing D. immitis microfilariae. Ten mosquitoes per day from each population were dissected for 14 days. Results: Melanized larvae of D. immitis were observed in all population except in P3. The period in which melanized larvae were found varied from the third to the 14th day post-infection. Difference in the number of these larvae was observed between P5 and P2–P3 (P< 0.01), and between P5 and P4 (P< 0.05). Third-stage larvae of D. immitis were detected in all population 14 d post-infection, except in P3, which presented high mortality 24 h post-infection. The melanization observed in the populations herein studied did not indicate refractory since third-stage larvae were observed at the end of the experiment. Most likely, this immune response aimed to control the number of larvae, in order to maintain the equilibrium between vector-parasite. Conclusion: The melanization did not seem to be a limiting factor to the development of this filarioid in these local Brazilian Culicidae populations