Impacto da crise nas respostas/medidas de combate à pobreza e exclusão social no distrito de Coimbra

Relatório de estágio do mestrado em Sociologia, apresentado à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra, sob a orientação de Pedro Hespanha.O presente relatório foi resultado de um estágio curricular realizado durante quatro meses no Núcleo de Intervenção Social do Centro Distrital de Coimbra / Instituto da Segurança Social, I.P., no âmbito do Mestrado em Sociologia da Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra. O estágio teve uma componente de formação e aquisição de experiência profissional e uma componente de estudo, com o objetivo de analisar o impacto da crise nas respostas/medidas sociais geridas pela segurança social, nomeadamente as de combate à pobreza e exclusão social no distrito de Coimbra nos últimos quatro anos (2009-2012)

Criptococose pulmonar: Pulmonary cryptococcosis

Introdução: A criptococose é uma micose sistêmica causada pela inalação de esporos viáveis do fungo Cryptococcus spp. As principais espécies em humanos são Cryptococcus neoformans e Cryptococcus gattii, que se associam, respectivamente, às condições de imunodepressão celular e à infecção primária de indivíduos imunocompetentes. O pulmão é o sítio primário mais comum, logo após o sistema nervoso central.  Apresentação do caso: JMF, masculino, 39 anos, apresentava queixa de tosse produtiva associada a desconforto respiratório aos moderados esforços, há cerca de 04 meses. Portador de HIV, sem outras comorbidades. Ao exame físico, sinais vitais estáveis, ausculta pulmonar com diminuição do murmúrio vesicular à direita. Na tomografia computadorizada (TC) de tórax evidenciou-se múltiplas opacidades nodulares difusas e de tamanhos variados, com presença de broncograma aéreo. Paciente foi submetido a biópsia por agulha percutânea e a análise do anatomopatológico constatou Criptococose Pulmonar. Discussão: A Criptococose pulmonar era considerada uma afecção rara, quando a prevalência de imunossuprimidos aumentou consideravelmente no século XX, sobretudo devido a Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (SIDA). As manifestações clínicas são inespecíficas, variam desde infecção autolimitada até a disseminada, com meningoencefalite. O estado imunológico do paciente é o fator de risco e de prognóstico mais importante, influenciando tanto na evolução clínica quanto na abordagem terapêutica. Conclusão: Tendo em vista a similaridade dos sinais e sintomas com outras infecções pulmonares e ao potencial de gravidade da doença, principalmente em portadores de imunodeficiência, é de suma importância o diagnóstico precoce e o uso apropriado dos agentes antifúngicos para a redução da morbimortalidade

Síndrome de Adie: Adie's Syndrome

Introdução: A Síndrome de Adie-Homes é uma doença caracterizada pela presença de pupila tônica associada à diminuição ou ausência dos reflexos tendíneos profundos. É uma doença considerada típica de adultos jovens e apresenta uma etiologia comumente idiopática.A presença de alteração no tamanho das pupilas é uma das queixas mais comuns.  Apresentação do caso: Paciente do sexo feminino, 28 anos, admitida em Hospital Geral de Goiânia, apresentou há 1 mês quadro de cefaleia fronto-orbital a direita, associada a vesículas em mesma região, dolorosas, em queimação, com diagnóstico de herpes zóster. Após 2 semanas, notou que sua acuidade visual à direita para perto estava diminuída associado a fotofobia. Ao avaliar pupilas com lâmpada de fenda, observou-se anisocoria à direita. Ao instilar pilocarpina 0,125% em ambos os olhos, apenas a pupila direita contraiu.. Discussão: Embora a etiologia da doença não esteja totalmente elucidada, acredita-se que possa ocorrer processos imunomediado e infecções por vírus da herpes-zoster, parvovírus B19, Treponema pallidum. Atualmente, o tratamento ainda se baseia no uso de Pilocarpina 0,125% para diminuir o desconforto do paciente, podendo ser usado 2-4 vezes ao junto, em associação ao uso de óculos escuros em ambientes muito iluminados. Conclusão: A síndrome de Adie é rara e encontramos em sua apresentação clínica singularidades que difere de paciente a paciente. Nota-se que a síndrome tem correlação com diversas áreas médicas, o que faz com que seu diagnóstico ocorra através do oftalmologista, podendo ter sua suspeição diagnóstica através de outros especialistas como reumatologistas, infectologistas e até mesmo dermatologistas

SARS-CoV-2 introductions and early dynamics of the epidemic in Portugal

Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Portugal was rapidly implemented by the National Institute of Health in the early stages of the COVID-19 epidemic, in collaboration with more than 50 laboratories distributed nationwide. Methods By applying recent phylodynamic models that allow integration of individual-based travel history, we reconstructed and characterized the spatio-temporal dynamics of SARSCoV-2 introductions and early dissemination in Portugal. Results We detected at least 277 independent SARS-CoV-2 introductions, mostly from European countries (namely the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Italy, and Switzerland), which were consistent with the countries with the highest connectivity with Portugal. Although most introductions were estimated to have occurred during early March 2020, it is likely that SARS-CoV-2 was silently circulating in Portugal throughout February, before the first cases were confirmed. Conclusions Here we conclude that the earlier implementation of measures could have minimized the number of introductions and subsequent virus expansion in Portugal. This study lays the foundation for genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Portugal, and highlights the need for systematic and geographically-representative genomic surveillance.We gratefully acknowledge to Sara Hill and Nuno Faria (University of Oxford) and Joshua Quick and Nick Loman (University of Birmingham) for kindly providing us with the initial sets of Artic Network primers for NGS; Rafael Mamede (MRamirez team, IMM, Lisbon) for developing and sharing a bioinformatics script for sequence curation (https://github.com/rfm-targa/BioinfUtils); Philippe Lemey (KU Leuven) for providing guidance on the implementation of the phylodynamic models; Joshua L. Cherry (National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health) for providing guidance with the subsampling strategies; and all authors, originating and submitting laboratories who have contributed genome data on GISAID (https://www.gisaid.org/) on which part of this research is based. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the view of the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Health and Human Services, or the United States government. This study is co-funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Agência de Investigação Clínica e Inovação Biomédica (234_596874175) on behalf of the Research 4 COVID-19 call. Some infrastructural resources used in this study come from the GenomePT project (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-022184), supported by COMPETE 2020 - Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation (POCI), Lisboa Portugal Regional Operational Programme (Lisboa2020), Algarve Portugal Regional Operational Programme (CRESC Algarve2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), and by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution