Maine Woods

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-me/1137/thumbnail.jp

Seasonal drought limits tree species across the Neotropics

Within the tropics, the species richness of tree communities is strongly and positively associated with precipitation. Previous research has suggested that this macroecological pattern is driven by the negative effect of water-stress on the physiological processes of most tree species. This process implies that the range limits of taxa are defined by their ability to occur under dry conditions, and thus in terms of species distributions it predicts a nested pattern of taxa distribution from wet to dry areas. However, this ‘dry-tolerance’ hypothesis has yet to be adequately tested at large spatial and taxonomic scales. Here, using a dataset of 531 inventory plots of closed canopy forest distributed across the Western Neotropics we investigated how precipitation, evaluated both as mean annual precipitation and as the maximum climatological water deficit, influences the distribution of tropical tree species, genera and families. We find that the distributions of tree taxa are indeed nested along precipitation gradients in the western Neotropics. Taxa tolerant to seasonal drought are disproportionally widespread across the precipitation gradient, with most reaching even the wettest climates sampled; however, most taxa analysed are restricted to wet areas. Our results suggest that the ‘dry tolerance’ hypothesis has broad applicability in the world's most species-rich forests. In addition, the large number of species restricted to wetter conditions strongly indicates that an increased frequency of drought could severely threaten biodiversity in this region. Overall, this study establishes a baseline for exploring how tropical forest tree composition may change in response to current and future environmental changes in this region

The Radiation of Darwin's Giant Daisies in the Galápagos Islands

Evolutionary radiations on oceanic islands have fascinated biologists since Darwin¿s exploration of the Galápagos archipelago [1, 2]. Island radiations can provide key insights for understanding rapid speciation, including evolutionary patterns and the processes behind them. However, lack of resolution of species relationships has historically hindered their investigation, particularly in the plant kingdom [3, 4, 5]. Here, we report a time-calibrated phylogenomic analysis based on genotyping-by-sequencing data [6] of the 15 species of Scalesia (Darwin¿s giant daisies), an iconic and understudied plant radiation endemic to the Galápagos Islands and considered the plant counterpart to Darwin¿s finches [1, 7, 8, 9]. Results support a Pliocene to early Pleistocene divergence between Scalesia and the closest South American relatives, and rapid diversification of extant Scalesia species from a common ancestor dated to the Middle Pleistocene. Major evolutionary patterns in Scalesia include the following: (1) lack of compliance with the ¿progression rule¿ hypothesis, in which earlier diverging lineages are expected to occupy older islands; (2) a predominance of within-island speciation over between-island speciation; and (3) repeated convergent evolution of potentially adaptive traits and habitat preferences on different islands during the course of diversification. Massive sequencing provided the essential framework for investigating evolutionary and ecological processes in the complex natural laboratory of the Galápagos, thereby advancing our understanding of island plant radiations

Interação e cooperação de empresas incubadas de base tecnológica: uma análise diante do novo paradigma de inovação

A tecnologia em tempos atuais é entendida não mais como de caráter exógeno, que ocorre no interior da empresa, mas como um fenômeno sistêmico e interativo, marcado por diferentes formas de cooperação e aprendizagem entre os diversos tipos de atores. No Brasil, entre as ações que buscam alavancar a inovação e o desenvolvimento tecnológico está a promoção de empresas de base tecnológica (EBTs), especialmente quando inseridas em ambiente de incubadoras. Considerando o caráter interativo da inovação, o contexto das EBTs e sua importância para o desenvolvimento tecnológico, este artigo tem por finalidade avaliar, em face do novo paradigma de inovação: (i) o grau de importância percebido por essas empresas para as interações e relações de cooperação, em seu estágio atual de incubação, e (ii) a tendência desse comportamento para o período de pós-incubação. Os resultados mostraram que as EBTs, embora apresentem uma tendência (pós-incubação) positiva ao desenvolvimento de ações conjuntas e maior interação no estágio de incubação, caracterizam-se por serem de baixa intensidade, apresentando conceitos ainda incipientes sobre o modelo interativo de inovação

One sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is dependent on river floodplains

Amazonia’s floodplain system is the largest and most biodiverse on Earth. Although forests are crucial to the ecological integrity of floodplains, our understanding of their species composition and how this may differ from surrounding forest types is still far too limited, particularly as changing inundation regimes begin to reshape floodplain tree communities and the critical ecosystem functions they underpin. Here we address this gap by taking a spatially explicit look at Amazonia-wide patterns of tree-species turnover and ecological specialization of the region’s floodplain forests. We show that the majority of Amazonian tree species can inhabit floodplains, and about a sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is ecologically specialized on floodplains. The degree of specialization in floodplain communities is driven by regional flood patterns, with the most compositionally differentiated floodplain forests located centrally within the fluvial network and contingent on the most extraordinary flood magnitudes regionally. Our results provide a spatially explicit view of ecological specialization of floodplain forest communities and expose the need for whole-basin hydrological integrity to protect the Amazon’s tree diversity and its function