Soil Contamination in Randukuning Landfill: Morphological-Physiological Responses of Celosia argentea L. and Cleome rutidosperma D.C.

The soil in the Landfill area has generally been contaminated by various types of pollutants, including heavy metals, microplastics, ammonia, chloride, benzene, toluene, ethylene, ethylene benzene, and xylene (BTEX). At high concentrations, the pollutant can cause toxic effects on plants. The study aimed to evaluate the morphological and physiological conditions of C. argentea L. and C. rutidosperma D.C. after being planted on Randukuning landfill soil. Plant species were planted on landfill soil in the greenhouse for two months. Morphological observations (stem length, root length, and the number of leaves) and physiological (biomass of roots, stems, and leaves) were carried out on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after planting on landfill soil. The results showed that C. argentea L. and C. rutidosperma D.C. did not show morphological and physiological effects. Both species can grow well on landfill soils. Therefore, these species can be potential phytoremediation agents

EFFECTS OF CHROMIUM ON PROTEIN AND CARBOHYDRATE LEVELS IN THE MANTLE OF FRESHWATER MUSSEL Anodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834)

Chromium is one of the technical importance metals found in the aquatic environment at increasing concentrations, resulting from metallurgic, refractory, chemical, and tannery in­dustries (Satyaparameshwar et al., 2006). The metal is known to be essential for all animals such as maintenance of normal glucose tolerance (Chassard-Bouchaud et al., 1989). It also involves in metabolisms of lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and mineral substances (Pechova & Pavlata 2007). At elevated concentrations, chromium is toxic to mussels, resulting in changes of mRNA expression, immunomodulation, DNA stability, and stress response path­ways (Franzellitti et al., 2012). Swan mussels (Anodonta woodiana) living at the interface of the free-flowing water and the sediment phase of many lotic freshwater ecosystems are known to accumulate metals in their body. Mussels require carbohydrates as main energy source for their metabolic processes (Honkoop et al., 1999). Proteins are also required by mussels for catalyzing biochemical reactions, transport and storage of molecules in and out, or within cells, and have structural and mechanical functions (Albert et al., 1994). Proteins and carbohydrates are also important components in the shell formation (Marie et al., 2007; Marin & Luquet 2004). Mantle secretes proteins and carbohydrates into extra pallial fluid, which is directly adjacent to the shell. The objective of this research was to study the effects of Cr on the protein and carbohydrate levels in the mantle of A. woodiana

Sintesis dan Aplikasi Nanopartikel Kitosan Sebagai Adsorben Cd dan Antibakteri Koliform

Chitosan is a derivative compound of chitin which has a linear polysaccharide composed of β-(1–4)-linked d-glucosamine and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine. This compound is found in shrimp shell. In nanoparticle form, chitosan has a great antibacterial activity and  adsorption ability rather than normal form. The aims of this study are to study the effect of concentration chitosan nanoparticle to adsorpt cadmium and its antibacterial effect on coliform. This research was started with synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles using acetic acid 2%  and TPP 0,1 %, then the sampel was dried by spray dryer. For cadmium adsorption test was conducted by giving chitosan nanoparticle of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 g, respectively, into  Cd solution with the concentration of 7 ppm and was filtered with theWhatman paper number 42 (n=3). Cadmium contents in the filtrates and pellets were analyzed by using AAS. For antibacterial test with Salmonella typhimurium andEscherichia coliwere conducted by disc diffusion method, contained of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 g, respectively, were dissolved in 50 ml of 1% acetic acid. Data were analyzed by using oneway ANOVA followed by LSD. Based on the results, the optimum adsorption of cadmium present in addition of 0.4 g/ 50mL, can reduce Cd concentration by 98,7%. For the antibacterial test, the addition of 0.4 g/50mL is the largest zone of inhibition Salmonella thypimuriumand  Escherichia coli

Akumulasi Mn dalam Cairan Tubuh Ligumia nasuta (Say, 1817) di Sungai Ciputri Bandung Jawa Barat

Ciputri upriver, Bandung, West Java has polluted by heavy metal Mn coming from cow feces in the Cikidang village. The aim of research is to study Mn accumulation in the Eastern Pondmussel Ligumia nasuta (Say, 1817). Mn contents in the water, extra pallial fluid, and hemolymph were determined by Atomic Absorbance Spectrophotometer (AAS). The mussels were collected at day 0, 1, and 6 after transplantation at 3 stations: before, near, and after pollution sources. The results show that the highest Mn accumulation was in the extra pallial fluid (1,21 mmol kg-1 ww) at station 2, day 6. It showed that exposure of Mn to the mussels taken place via water

Toxicity Test of Copper (Cu) and Chromium (Cr) on the Growth of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.) Sprouts

Industries that are growing rapidly contribute a big role in environmental pollution, one of which is the production of heavy metal waste. One example of heavy metals that are toxic when present in large quantities is Copper (Cu) and Chromium (Cr). The purpose of this experiment is to test the toxicity of the two types of heavy metals Cu and Cr against the seed growth of the Vigna radiata L. plant, find out the type of metal that gives the highest percentage of inhibition to the growth of V. radiata L., and find out the relationship between the two types of heavy metals. The method to determine the level of toxicity and the relationship between the two metals can be known by toxicity tests which include preliminary tests, actual tests and mixed tests on the seeds of V. radiata L. while data analysis is carried out by linear regression and the data is presented in the form of tables and graphs. Preliminary test to determine the ideal range of toxicity concentrations to be continued with the actual test with the addition of Cu and Cr metal toxins to the seeds of V. radiata L. The results of the study on the actual test showed that the IC50 of Cu metal was 127.4 ppm while the IC50 of Cr metal was 615.23 ppm with Cu metal having a more significant negative impact than Cr. In the mixed test, it showed that Cu metal IC50 was 247.5 ppm while Cr metal IC50 was 579.85 ppm with the highest inhibition value at Cu:Cr concentration of 90:10. The toxicant relationship of Cu and Cr based on the additive index is the additive (value S = 0)

Phytoremediation of nickel by Paraserianthes falcataria with varying levels of manure

The objective of this study were to identify effective variations in fertilizer doses for phytoremediation of heavy metal nickel (Ni) by using sengon plants (Paraserianthes falcataria) before being used for post-mining land reclamation. This research is an experimental study, the growth parameters measured include plant height, number of leaves, root length, and plant biomass. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued with Duncan's test. The manure used consists of chicken manure, calcium carbonate, and rice bran. Variation in fertilizer dose is the ratio between manure to mine soil 40:60 (A), 50:50 (B), 60:40 (C), 70:30 (D), and control without fertilizer (E) with four repetitions time. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the concentration of nickel content before and after the treatment of fertilizer dosing (p>0.05), which means that the dose of fertilizer can affect plant growth and phytoremediation abilities. The dose of D fertilizer (70:30) is the most suitable for phytoremediation of heavy metal nickel (Ni) because it shows the highest heavy metal concentration in the roots, which is 3.2 ppm. The plant growth parameters measured showed that the dose of fertilizer B (50:50) was most suitable for increasing plant height and biomass (P. falcataria) with a plant height of 27 cm and a biomass of 0.9 g/m2. The dose of C fertilizer (60:40) is most suitable for increasing the number of leaves with an average of 111.5 leaves. Control without fertilizer (E) is most suitable for increasing the root length of P. falcataria. Thus, the addition of manure affects the growth of P. falcataria, and nickel phytoremediation using P. falcataria at the dose of manure D (70:30) can reduce the nickel content in the soil

EFFECTS OF CHROMIUM (Cr) ON FRESHWATER MUSSEL Anodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834): DISTRIBUTION, BIOACCUMULATION, AND GENOMIC DNA DAMAGE

Chromium (Cr) is one of metals which are toxic to organisms at elevated concentration. In freshwater ecosystems, Cr concentration can be increased due to discharge of chromium-containing wastewater coming from leather tanning and electroplating industries. Mussels are known to accumulate metals in their body. The objectives of this research were to study distribution and bioaccumulation of Cr in the freshwater mussel Anodonta woodiana, and its effect on genomic DNA. In this research, mussels were exposed to Cr via water (25 ìg L-1) for 24 days, followed by 12 days of depuration. On days 0, 1, 6, 12, 24 (exposure), and day 30 and 36 (depuration), 3 mussels were sampled and dissected into gills, mantle, digestive gland, intestines, foot, kidney, and adductors. Hemolymph (HML) and extra pallial fluids (EPF) were withdrawn from the posterior adductor. Bioaccumulation of Cr in all organs, HML, and EPF was determined by using Atomic Absorbance Spectrophotometer (AAS). Analysis of genome DNA damage in the gills was qualitatively determined by using gel agarose electrophoresis. The results showed that chromium concentrations increased in all organs within 24 days of exposure, the highest levels being in the gills and mantle. Cr concentrations were decreased within 12 days of depuration. For HML and EPF, Cr concentrations were decreased during exposure, back to normal at the end of depuration. During exposure, Cr induced the damage of genome DNA in the gills, and back to normal at day 12 of depuration.Keywords: chromium (Cr); Anodonta woodiana; bioaccumulation; DNA damage

EFFECTS OF CHROMIUM ON CHLOROPHYLL-a, CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN CONTENTS IN Tetraselmis sp. (Butcher 1959)

Electroplating and paper industry activities contribute to pollution of chromium (Cr) in aquatic ecosystems. The presence of Cr can affect the activity of microalgae which play an important role as primary producers in the food chain of ocean ecosystem.Cr was tested on a species ofgreen microalgae, Tetraselmis sp. This microalgae are very abundant in the sea and can accumulate heavy metals, including Cr. Changes in nutrient content in cells of Tetraselmis sp. can affect the productivity of the next trophic level organisms. This research aims to determine effect of Cr to Chlorophyll-a, carbohydrate and protein content in Tetraselmis sp. The methods of this study include several steps, cultivation with initial density of 40x104 cells ml-1 to log phase, then exposed by K2Cr2O7 during 96 hours with concentrations 0; 3.2; 5.6, and 10 ppm. Cell density was calculated everyday using haemocytometer, observed with microscope and optilab. Chlorophyll-a, carbohydrate and protein were measured by a spectrophotometer on days 0, 4, 6 and 8. Data analysis with ANOVA, the real difference is determined by Dunnet and Duncan Test.The results showed that increasing Cr concentration causes higher growth inhibition rate of Tetraselmis sp. IC50-96 hours was 2.63 ppm and NOEC value was <3.2 ppm. The content of Chlorophyll-a, showed decrease after Cr exposure for 96 hours. Carbohydrate content was increased after 72 hours, and then decreased after 96 hours exposure. Protein content increased significantly up to 96 hours.Keywords: Tetraselmis sp., Chromium, Toxicity test, Chlorophyll-a

Accumulation of Microplastics and Histological Analysis on Marine Fish from Coastal Waters of Baru and Trisik Beaches, Special Region of Yogyakarta

River flow to the sea is regarded as a pathway for the dispersion and pollution of microplastics. The hydrodynamics of the coastal water of Baru and Trisik Beaches may increase microplastic concentrations in this estuarine-marine area. This research evaluated the microplastic concentration in surface seawater and microplastic accumulation in consumed marine fish and performed histological analysis on the demersal marine fish intestine under natural exposure. Sample collection was carried out at 12 stations with three replications. The microplastics analysis was performed on marine fish (dorsal muscle, gills, and gastrointestinal tract) and seawater, and microplastic characterization was based on physical and chemical characteristics. Environmental parameters for statistical analysis included air and water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and salinity of seawater. Histological analysis of the intestine was performed on fish from three stations with two demersal fish species. The latter analysis included the length of the villi, the depth of the crypt cells, epithelial denudation with hematoxylin-eosin staining, and the number of goblet cells with periodic acid Schiff alcian blue staining. The results showed that the microplastic concentration was distributed throughout the fish sample for each of the stations. Microplastic concentrations for surface seawater showed the same pattern as marine fish. Microplastic accumulation in marine fish indicated the transfer of microplastic particles to various organs in the fish’s body. The histological analysis indicated, microplastic internalization in the intestine tissue, damaging intestinal structures. Further research is needed as consuming marine fish contaminated by microplastics may present increasing health risks

Distribution Analysis of Asiatic Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus vulneratus Panzer (Coleoptera: Dryphthoridae) using GIS Technique and the Interaction with Coconut Beetle Oryctes rhinoceros L. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Asiatic palm weevil Rhynchophorus vulneratus Panzer is one of the key pests of coconut in Indonesia. Information regarding the spatial distribution of R. vulneratus is needed to support Integrated Pest Management and can be analyzed using Geographic Information System (GIS). Initial studies on the interaction between R. vulneratus and Oryctes rhinoceros were also studied in this study. This research aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of R. vulneratus using GIS and its interaction with the Coconut beetle Oryctes rhinoceros. The research was conducted in Yogyakarta as a habitat model (0-1,000 masl). R. vulneratus and O. rhinoceros were catched by installing aggregation pheromone traps hanging to coconut plants at 1.7 m above ground. The research was conducted during the rainy and dry seasons. The spatial distribution of R. vulneratus was analyzed by IDW interpolation using QGIS 3.22, whereas its interaction with O. rhinoceros was analyzed by the Pearson correlation test using SPSS 22. The results showed low number of R. vulneratus captured in the Yogyakarta area during the rainy season at 0-1,000 masl. However, the number of R. vulneratus during the dry season has increased, and the distribution rate was dominated by medium to very high levels, especially at an altitude of 0-300 masl. The study also showed that the number of R. vulneratus was not influenced by the number of O. rhinoceros, which suggested that the abundance of O. rhinoceros cannot accurately predict the abundance of R. vulneratus