"Notice me, here I am" : Teacher’s dictums of the definition individual tuition in school year 1

Läroplan för det obligatoriska skolväsendet, fritidshemmet och förskoleklassen, (Lpo94) är tydlig i sin definition att en individanpassad undervisning ska tillämpas i skolan och att undervisningen ska utgå från den enskilde elevens behov. Då forskning pekar på att definitionen och innebörden av begreppet behov inte är tydlig fann vi det intressant att undersöka hur lärare definierar innebörden av begreppet individanpassad undervisning i år 1 med särskilt fokus på aspekten elevers behov. För att studera verksamma lärares resonemang kring detta valdes en kvalitativ metod med intervjuer som hjälpmedel för att samla in data. Det insamlade materialet har analyserats och därefter diskuterats med referens till forskning inom området. Resultatet visar att individanpassad undervisning ses som en förutsättningsfråga. Identifieringen av enskilda elevers behov är det som uppfattas ligga till grund för hur undervisningen ska individanpassas. Svårigheten ligger i att det inte alltid är enkelt att identifiera behoven. Det framkom i resultatet att möjligheten att individanpassa grundar sig i tillgången på resurser samt skolämnets karaktär. Resultatet visar även att åldersintegrerade klasser är en fördel med tanke på tillgången på resurser, då samarbete i arbetslag lättare möjliggör en individanpassad undervisning.Curriculum for the Compulsory School System, the Pre-School Class and the Leisure-time Centre (Lpo 94) is clear in its definition that individualized tuition shall be applied in the school and that the tuition shall come from the individual pupil’s needs. Since research emphasizes that the definition and meaning of the term needs is not clear we found it interesting to research how teachers define the meaning of the term individualized tuition in school year 1 with special focus on the aspect of pupils’ needs. In order to study active teachers’ reasoning and dictums regarding this we chose a qualitative method with interviews as aid to gather data. The collected material has been analyzed and subsequently discussed with reference to research within the area. The result shows that individualized tuition is regarded as a question of conditions. The identification of individual pupils’ needs is what is perceived to be the basis of how the education should be individualized. The difficulty lies in that it is not always easy to identify the needs. The result showed that the possibility to individualize bases itself in the access of resources and the school subject’s nature. The result also show that age integrated classes is an advantage considering the access of resources, since cooperation between coworkers makes it easier to enable individualized tuition

Increased noise levels cause behavioural and distributional changes in Atlantic cod and saithe in a large public aquarium—A case study

Abstract Investigating the effects of underwater noise on aquatic animals is a research field that is receiving rapidly increasing attention. Despite this, surprisingly few studies have addressed the potential impacts of noise in a marine animal husbandry setting. In this regard, the behaviour of fish in public aquariums can be used as an indicator of well-being, and noise is known to cause behavioural changes. This case study investigates the behaviour of cod (Gadus morhua) and saithe (Pollachius virens) in a large public aquarium when exposed to increased noise levels originating from an aquarium renovation carried out by construction divers. Swimming behaviour, group formation and vertical distribution, along with yawning and scratching frequencies of the fish, were analysed from video recordings made before, during and after the exposure to increased noise levels. The same parameters were also analysed to evaluate potential effects of the presence of divers when not making renovation noise, compared to fish behaviour prior to the renovation. There was a slight change in the depth distribution of both species and a decrease in the number of scratches in cod due to the presence of divers that were not making renovation noise. In the presence of construction noises in the tank, however, both cod and saithe showed a wider array of behavioural changes, including increased swimming speed, changes in depth distribution and increased yawning frequencies. The results from this case study demonstrate that an underwater renovation with increased noise levels impacts fish behaviour and suggests that underwater noise should be considered during the management of aquatic environments, including public aquaria

Using QCM-D to study the adhesion of human gingival fibroblasts on implant surfaces

Sealing the soft tissue-implant interface is one of the key issues in preventing transcutaneous implant-associated infections. A promising surface modification for improving osseointegration and possibly soft tissue integration is to coat the implant surface with hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles. When new implant materials are developed, their ability to facilitate cell attachment and spreading are commonly investigated in vitro to establish their potential for good in vivo performance. However, commonly used techniques, such as microscopy methods, are time consuming, invasive, and subjective. This is the first study using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, where the real-time adhesion of biopsy-derived human gingival fibroblasts onto titanium and nanostructured HA was investigated. Experiments were performed for at least 16 h, and we found that cellular attachment and spreading kinetics can be followed in situ by observing the change in dissipation and frequency with time. Interestingly, a correlation between cell coverage and the magnitude of dissipation shift reached at the end of the experiment was found, but no such trend was observed for the frequency. Furthermore, the level of cell coverage was found to influence the cellular attachment and spreading behavior. No difference in cell response to the two surface types, Ti and nanostructured HA, was found

Low Holding Densities Increase Stress Response and Aggression in Zebrafish

With laboratory zebrafish (Danio rerio) being an established and popular research model, there is a need for universal, research-based husbandry guidelines for this species, since guidelines can help promote good welfare through providing appropriate care. Despite the widespread use of zebrafish in research, it remains unclear how holding densities affect their welfare. Previous studies have mainly evaluated the effects of holding densities on a single parameter, such as growth, reproductive output, or social interactions, rather than looking at multiple welfare parameters simultaneously. Here we investigated how chronic (nine weeks) exposure to five different holding densities (1, 4, 8, 12, and 16 fish/L) affected multiple welfare indicators. We found that fish in the 1 fish/L density treatment had higher free water cortisol concentrations per fish, increased vertical distribution, and displayed aggressive behaviour more frequently than fish held at higher densities. On the other hand, density treatments had no effect on anxiety behaviour, whole-brain neurotransmitter levels, egg volume, or the proportion of fertilised eggs. Our results demonstrate that zebrafish can be held at densities between 4 and 16 fish/L without compromising their welfare. However, housing zebrafish in the density of 1 fish/L increased their stress level and aggressive behaviour

Modification and expulsion of keratins by human epidermal keratinocytes upon hapten exposure in vitro.

Allergic contact dermatitis is the most prevalent form of human immunotoxicity. It is caused by reactive low molecular weight chemicals, that is, haptens, coming in contact with the skin where hapten-peptide complexes are formed, activating the immune system. By using sensitizing fluorescent thiol-reactive haptens, that is, bromobimanes, we show how keratinocytes respond to hapten exposure in vitro and reveal, for the first time in a living system, an exact site of haptenation. Rapid internalization and reaction of haptens with keratin filaments were visualized. Subsequently, keratinocytes respond in vitro to hapten exposure by release of membrane blebs, which contain haptenated keratins 5 and 14. Particularly, cysteine 54 of K5 was found to be a specific target. A mechanism is proposed where neoepitopes, otherwise hidden from the immune system, are released after hapten exposure via keratinocyte blebbing. The observed expulsion of modified keratins by keratinocytes in vitro might play a role during hapten sensitization in vivo and should be subject to further investigations

Modification and Expulsion of Keratins by Human Epidermal Keratinocytes upon Hapten Exposure in Vitro

Allergic contact dermatitis is the most prevalent form of human immunotoxicity. It is caused by reactive low molecular weight chemicals, that is, haptens, coming in contact with the skin where hapten−peptide complexes are formed, activating the immune system. By using sensitizing fluorescent thiol-reactive haptens, that is, bromobimanes, we show how keratinocytes respond to hapten exposure in vitro and reveal, for the first time in a living system, an exact site of haptenation. Rapid internalization and reaction of haptens with keratin filaments were visualized. Subsequently, keratinocytes respond in vitro to hapten exposure by release of membrane blebs, which contain haptenated keratins 5 and 14. Particularly, cysteine 54 of K5 was found to be a specific target. A mechanism is proposed where neoepitopes, otherwise hidden from the immune system, are released after hapten exposure via keratinocyte blebbing. The observed expulsion of modified keratins by keratinocytes in vitro might play a role during hapten sensitization in vivo and should be subject to further investigations

Contact Sensitizers Induce Keratinocytes to Release Epitopes - Tools for In Vitro Tests and Implications for Autoimmunity

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is the most prevalent form of human immunotoxicity. It is caused by skin exposure to haptens, i.e., protein-reactive, low-molecular-weight chemical compounds, which form hapten–protein complexes (HPCs) in the skin, triggering the immune system. These immunogenic HPCs are elusive. In this study a series of thiol-reactive caged fluorescent haptens, i.e., bromobimanes, were deployed in combination with two-photon fluorescence microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and proteomics to identify possible hapten targets in proteins in human skin. Key targets found were the basal keratinocytes and the keratins K5 and K14. Particularly, cysteine 54 of K5 was found to be haptenated by the bromobimanes. In addition, elevated levels of anti-keratin antibodies were found in the sera of mice exposed to bromobimanes in vivo. The results indicate a general mechanism in which thiol-reactive haptens generate cryptic epitopes normally concealed from the immune system. In addition, keratinocytes and keratin seem to have an important role in the mechanism behind ACD, which is a subject for further investigations

Modelling of the neutron production in a mixed beam DT neutron generator

Compact DT neutron generators based on accelerators are often built on the principle of a mixed beam operation, meaning that deuterium (D) and tritium (T) are both present in the ion beam and in the target. Moreover, the beam consists of a mixture of ions and ionized molecules (D, T ions, and ionized D-D, T-T and D-T molecules) so the relevant source components come from T(d, n), D(t, n), D(d, n) and T(t, 2n) reactions at different ion energies. The method for assessing the relative amplitudes of different source components (DD, DT, TT) is presented. The assessment relies on the measurement of the neutron spectrum of different DT components (T(d, n) and D(t, n) at different energies) using a high resolution neutron spectrometer, e.g. a diamond detector, fusion reaction cross-sections, and simulations of neutron generation in the target. Through this process a complete description of the neutron source properties of the mixed beam neutron generator can be made and a neutron source description card, in a format suitable for Monte Carlo code MCNP, produced