EL RETARDO EXTERNO DE LA POLÍTICA MONETARÍA EN EL CRECIMIENTO Y LA INFLACIÓN: UNA REVISIÓN TEÓRICA Y METODOLÓGICA

In this work it is reviewed the external retard of monetary policy within the framework of theoretical and methodological resources present in this analysis. Within the scope of the economic theory, it is confirmed that model IS-LM-MC is useful and allows to analyze deeply the monetary policy for a small and open economy with a flexible exchange rate (Mexico case). It is also fundamental to discuss the transmission mechanisms (from a Neokeynesian perspective) , the basic concepts to understand the policy retards, and to bring to end the theoretical review, it is studied Poole ‘s analysis about the decision of taking monetary attachés or the interest rate as instruments of monetary policy. Within the methodological scope, the technique of Granger’s causation, different methods to apply the “ econometrics of retards” (Kyock, PDL and VAR) and Chow’s test of structural change are reviewed. Finally, in the conclusions, the author propounds the necessary variables for a further approach of the empiric analysis (statistical and econometric) of the problem which takes up our attention as well as the techniques that could be used and the length of their study.Monetary Policy. Growth. Inflation.

Comparative genomics of the sheep blow fly Lucilia cuprina

poster abstractInsects employ different adaptive strategies in response to selective pressures, such as competition for limited resources. Carrion insects provide the ideal case to study these fundamental processes of adaptive evolution due to the intense selective pressures placed on developing larvae with limited food resources, their widespread and abundant distributions, and the presence of geographically distinct populations with specialized adaptations. One adaptation is facultative ectoparasitism, where the insect strikes a healthy animal and feeds on the living flesh, providing a developmental advantage over competitor fly species, but causing significant harm to the host. Lucilia species, which hybridize in the wild and form geographically distinct subpopulations in other regions, are diverging, meaning that we can observe and quantify early biological adaptive processes that govern speciation as they are occurring over hundreds, instead of millions, of years. The draft genome of a North American male Lucilia cuprina fly (carrion breeder) was assembled using a combination of short and long read sequences. This genome is compared to an existing Australian draft genome (ectoparasite) by elucidating genomic structure in key adaptive processes (i.e. immune system evasion) via high-throughput re-sequencing of parasitic specimens, gene prediction and annotation. The carcass colonized by or animal parasitized by both species, with some geographic overlap, provides a semi-controlled environment within the larger context of the ecosystem to sample a large number of individuals with similar life history strategies, allowing for direct comparative studies to elucidate the correlation between structure and function in the genomes of carrion flies – allowing us to understand biological adaptation and speciation

De Novo Genome Assembly of Phormia regina (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

poster abstractPhormia regina (Meigen), commonly known as the black blow fly, is a dipteran that belongs to the family Calliphoridae (blow flies). Calliphorids play an important role in various research fields like ecology, medical studies, veterinary and forensic sciences. P. regina is one of the common forensically relevant insects in North America and is typically used to assist in estimating post-mortem intervals (PMI). To better understand the roles it plays in the numerous research fields, we aim to re-construct its genome using next generation sequencing technologies. We are specifically focusing on generating a reference genome by de novo assembly then use the genomic data to identify genetic markers (microsatellites, single nucleotide polymorphisms) that contribute to intra- and inter-population variation with regards to geographic location. DNA was extracted from five adult male and female flies and was sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq2000 sequencing platform. More than 250 million high quality reads were produced from each sex. These reads were used in the de novo genome assembly of the female, male and combined sexes. The assembled draft genomes produced approximately 251,115 contigs, 306,273 contigs, and 325,664 contigs respectively. The assembled genome sizes totaled to ~524 Mbp and ~508 Mbp for the female and male flies, respectively. Compared to the estimated genome sizes from a previous study of 529 Mbp for females and 517 Mbp for males, we can conclude that a majority of the genome sequence (~99%) is included in the assembly. Gene prediction and annotation of the draft genomes are currently in progress. The draft reference genomes assembled from this study will provide an important resource for analyzing genetic basis of variations between and among blow fly species, which will ultimately facilitate ongoing studies in various areas of research that utilize blow flies as study models. It will also be a source where reliable genomic data can be readily available and used in downstream analysis to increase the understanding of the genetic, molecular and cellular processes of blow flies

Genome sequence of Phormia regina Meigen (Diptera: Calliphoridae): implications for medical, veterinary and forensic research

BACKGROUND: Blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are important medical, veterinary and forensic insects encompassing 8 % of the species diversity observed in the calyptrate insects. Few genomic resources exist to understand the diversity and evolution of this group. RESULTS: We present the hybrid (short and long reads) draft assemblies of the male and female genomes of the common North American blow fly, Phormia regina (Diptera: Calliphoridae). The 550 and 534 Mb draft assemblies contained 8312 and 9490 predicted genes in the female and male genomes, respectively; including > 93 % conserved eukaryotic genes. Putative X and Y chromosomes (21 and 14 Mb, respectively) were assembled and annotated. The P. regina genomes appear to contain few mobile genetic elements, an almost complete absence of SINEs, and most of the repetitive landscape consists of simple repetitive sequences. Candidate gene approaches were undertaken to annotate insecticide resistance, sex-determining, chemoreceptors, and antimicrobial peptides. CONCLUSIONS: This work yielded a robust, reliable reference calliphorid genome from a species located in the middle of a calliphorid phylogeny. By adding an additional blow fly genome, the ability to tease apart what might be true of general calliphorids vs. what is specific of two distinct lineages now exists. This resource will provide a strong foundation for future studies into the evolution, population structure, behavior, and physiology of all blow flies

Effect of Chemical Structure and Salt Concentration on the Crystallization and Ionic Conductivity of Aliphatic Polyethers

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) is the most widely used polymer in the field of solid polymer electrolytes for batteries. It is well known that the crystallinity of polymer electrolytes strongly affects the ionic conductivity and its electrochemical performance. Nowadays, alternatives to PEO are actively researched in the battery community, showing higher ionic conductivity, electrochemical window, or working temperature range. In this work, we investigated polymer electrolytes based on aliphatic polyethers with a number of methylene units ranging from 2 to 12. Thus, the effect of the lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfone) imide (LiTFSI) concentration on the crystallization behavior of the new aliphatic polyethers and their ionic conductivity was investigated. In all the cases, the degree of crystallinity and the overall crystallization rate of the polymers decreased drastically with 30 wt % LiTFSI addition. The salt acted as a low molecular diluent to the polyethers according to the expectation of the Flory-Huggins theory for polymer-diluent mixtures. By fitting our results to this theory, the value of the interaction energy density (B) between the polyether and the LiTFSI was calculated, and we show that the value of B must be small to obtain high ionic conductivity electrolytes.We wish to thank the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT), Mexico for the grant awarded to Jorge L. Olmedo Martinez (471837). We are grateful to the financial support of the European Commission through the project SUSPOL-EJD 642671 and European Research Council by Starting Grant Innovative Polymers for Energy Storage (iPes) 306250. Alejandro J. Muller acknowledges the support of MINECO through grant MAT2017-83014-C2-1-P. Leire Meabe thanks Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport for the predoctoral FPU

Local content monetization strategies for revenue generation employed by independent tv producers on Ott platforms in Kenya.

The rapid growth of over-the-top (OTT) platforms has revolutionized the way video content is marketed and consumed and provided a unique opportunity for Kenyan content creators to showcase their creative storytelling work to a global audience. However, the lack of bankable/effective monetization strategies poses significant hurdles for local producers; this is largely due to the various ways in which the content is consumed and the variations of the same content on internet-enabled platforms that are linked to the OTT platforms such as mobile and online platforms linked to the streaming services. Accordingly, the objective of this capstone project is to explore and identify bankable strategies for monetization of local content by independent TV producers in Kenya. This qualitative research study will utilize an exploratory design and the target population is independent TV producers who will be purposively selected from a diverse range of independent TV producers in Kenya who have experience with selling their content on OTT platforms that exist in Kenya. Collection of data will be through interviews and questionnaires that will be shared and data analysed based on the similarities in response, then grouped together for final results

Non-eutectic mixture organocatalysts (NEMOs): a step towardshigh temperature polymerizations.

195 p.Los organocatalizadores han demostrado ser una alternativa eficiente y rentable a sus análogos organometálicos en muchos procesos de polimerización y hoy en día representan una herramienta invaluable en química de polímeros. Una razón clave para la transición a los organocatalizadores no es solo su capacidad para ser eliminados de manera efectiva de los productos resultantes, sino también su potencial en la formación de interacciones de enlaces de hidrógeno que puede desempeñar un papel único para controlar de manera exquisita la actividad catalítica y la selectividad de un proceso de polimerización.Si bien algunos de estos organocatalizadores se han implementado en gran medida en laboratorios de investigación, el uso de organocatalizadores en procesos industriales de polimerización en masa es aún escaso. Probablemente esto esté relacionado con la pobre estabilidad térmica de los ácidos orgánicos y las bases a temperaturas (150-250 °C) que son prácticas para la polimerización complicando su uso a escala industrial. La degradación del catalizador durante la reacción da como resultado varios inconvenientes, tales como la coloración del producto final, la promoción de reacciones secundarios o bajos rendimientos de reacción. Este trabajo aborda algunos de los desafíos planteados por el uso de organocatalizadores a altas temperaturas a través del uso de catalizadores formados por mezclas no estequiométricas de bases y ácidos descritas aquí como Organocatalizadores de Mezclas No Eutécticas (NEMO).Para proporcionar contexto a esto, el Capítulo 1 ofrece una introducción a la síntesis y caracterización de estas mezclas ácido-base, destacando la literatura reciente que describe su formación y uso en el polimerizaciones de crecimiento de cadena, polimerizaciones de crecimiento por etapas, y en el reciclaje de polímeros mediante despolimerización. Posteriormente, dicho concepto de organocatalizadores ácido-base para polimerizaciones a alta temperatura se aplicó en los siguientes capítulos.El Capítulo 2 abordó una polimerización versátil a alta temperatura, como lo es la síntesis de poliéteres alifáticos por autocondensación. Se caracterizaron diferentes mezclas de un ácido común, ácido methanesulfónico (MSA) y una base común, 1,5,7-triazabicilo(4.4.0)dec-5-eno (TBD) y la mezcla no eutéctica Organocatalys (NEMO) con exceso en MSA demostró ser altamente eficiente como catalizadores en la síntesis de poliéteres por autocondensación en masa. Esta ruta de síntesis dio como resultado una serie de poli (oxialquileno)s alifáticos con diferente número de unidades de metileno en la cadena. Además, también se demostró la reciclabilidad y reutilización del NEMO.Para ampliar el alcance del uso del NEMO, en el Capítulo 3 y 4 se implementó el proceso de polimerización para la síntesis de copoliéteres. El Capítulo 3, informa sobre una serie de copoliéteres de poli(oxialquileno) obtenidos por copolimerización de 1,6-hexanodiol y 1,12-dodecanodiol que mostraron cristalización en todo el rango de la composición y mostrando un comportamiento isomórfico, comportamiento que no se considera muy común en los copolímeros aleatorios. Por otro lado, en el Capítulo 4, se prepararon copoliéteres de base biológica mediante autocondensación de 1,6-hexanodiol y 1,4-ciclohexanodimetanol. Este enfoque demostró ser una ruta simple y sostenible para sintetizar copoliéteres de base biológica que varían de amorfo a semicristalino variando la proporción de los comonómeros. También el contenido de isómeros del comonómero 1,4-ciclohexanodimetanol mostró una influencia en las propiedades térmicas de los copolímeros.Pasando a otra polimerización de alta temperatura prevaleciente, la polimerización de apertura de anillo de L-lactida en masa se estudió en el Capítulo 5. Para ello, se caracterizaron y exploraron diferentes mezclas de ácido-base basadas en MSA y DMAP en la ROP de L-lactida en masa. La mezcla estequiométrica (1: 1) y el NEMO (2: 1) mostraron una resistencia térmica extraordinaria y particularmente efectiva para la catálisis de ROP. En particular, el NEMO MSA: DMAP 2: 1 resistió excepcionalmente hasta 250°C, mostrando también un buen estereocontrol de la reacción hasta 180°C, siendo esta contribución, por lo que sabemos, la primera que informa ROP estereocontrol de L-lactida en condiciones de volumen.Para finalizar, el Capítulo 6 contiene las conclusiones de las contribuciones logradas aquí en el uso de mezclas de ácido orgánico-base como catalizador resistente y eficiente de la síntesis de polímeros valiosos como poliéteres y poliésteres. Además, se ofrece una perspectiva sobre la implementación de estos organocatalizadores en procesos industriales, lo que revela que, aunque todavía hay mucho camino por delante, no hay duda de que deben continuar los avances en este campo para permitir el diseño aún más rápido y selectivo de organocatalizadores rentables y térmicamente estables.Polymat; Université de Mon