Transboundary Surface Water Management Framework forCooperation

Differing governmental organization and management strategies between Canada and the United States concerning watershed management is a cause for variance in resource management strategies. This paper discusses ongoing research investigating past transboundary watershed initiatives and current management schemes involved in transboundary watershed management. Individual stakeholders, Non-governmental organizations and all levels of government should collaborate to promote cooperation when designing and implementing transboundary watershed policy. Population expansion and urban development in Aldergrove and Abbotsford, British Columbia (B.C.) are impacting the Canadian portions of Bertrand and Fishtrap Creeks watersheds. As a result, flows have been altered from historical norms. Both watercourses and their tributaries provide irrigation and domestic water for residents in both Washington (WA) and B.C. Ground and surface water irrigation from these watersheds supports the agriculture industry in the Fraser Lowlands, a strong economic driver in the region. Interviews with local watershed regulators have indicated that instances of flooding during the rainy season have increased, while flows are below normal during the dry season. Water quality has also been compromised. Can low flows and questionable water quality act as drivers for cooperative transboundary management between watershed users, and regulators in WA and B.C.

Effect of a change in direction on the initiation of gait

Le but de l'étude est d'évaluer l'organisation des ajustements posturaux lorsque la marche est initiée vers différentes directions et à différentes vitesses. Dix jeunes adultes devaient initier la marche en partant de la jambe droite vers différentes directions ("droit devant", vers la droite et vers la gauche) à une vitesse préférentielle et rapide. Le déplacement du centre de pression (CP) et la vitesse du centre de masse (CM) ont été analysés. Lorsque comparé à la marche "droit devant", on observe que les déplacements initiaux latéraux et postérieurs du CP sont réduits au moment d'initier la marche vers la droite et que les déplacements latéraux du CP augmente lorsqu'initiée vers la gauche. Au moment du premier pas, le CM est déjà dirigé vers la direction de marche désirée, toutefois des ajustements additionnels sont requis pour atteindre la vitesse désirée lorsque l'initiation de la marche implique un grand changement de direction

an Echo of Light

My senior project film an Echo of Light is an experimental 16mm film exploring light as both a metaphysical and physical process. I became interested in light during my studies in holography, which is a medium revolving around the interference of light. I studied holography independently and with the guidance of professionals in the field. My holographic work is oriented around the natural world and its micro-constituents. I examined and photographed substances, such as salt, pyrite, and quartz with the scanning electron microscope at Bard. These materials have striking crystalline geometry which I intend to explore through the light dependent medium of holography. I chose to shoot an Echo of Light on 16mm film because of the physicality of the medium and the quality at which it records light. In addition, a reverence of the analog has been a prevalent motif in my work and process. From restoring an analog stereogram to creating holograms using optics and lasers, my process during the making of this film was geared towards the physical. Light is a transformative energy of immense flexibility and meaning. In watching an Echo of Light I hope that the audience will be granted a brief respite from anxieties of everyday and perhaps contemplate their connection to the physical and metaphysical veins of life itself. In conclusion, within this film I intend to evoke the relationship between the self and something beyond in an abstracted form through the manipulation of light. Originally, my senior project was an installation which would include my holographic art works and showcase my film. Due to the unfortunate unforeseen circumstances of the pandemic I was unable to complete the project in the way I had intended. However, my film an Echo of Light stands on its own and may be seen in isolation from the microlandscape series of holograms. I plan on completing my microlandscape holography series and installation in the near future and showcasing it somewhere around Bard. My sincere gratitude to the following individuals to supported me along the way: Kajsa Ceder, Stanley Wetch, Karen and Dan Pritzker, Catherine and Vidy Ravenborg, Hart and Dana Perry, Melissa Crenshaw, Bill Molteni, Hudson Talbott, Peggy Ahwesh, Ben Coonley, Richard Suchenski, Matthew Sargent, Ephraim Asili, Ruth Turk, and Marc Shreibman

Transboundary watershed management in the Fraser Lowlands: Bertrand Creek and Fishtrap Creek

Bertrand Creek and Fishtrap Creek are transboundary watersheds located in the eastern portion of the Fraser Lowlands border region. Population growth, land use practices, and urban development in British Columbia (BC) and Washington (WA) are pressuring surface and groundwater resources. As a result, questions of transboundary watershed management have arisen. Management of transboundary water resources creates dynamic governing scenarios, as mismatched levels of government and regulatory fragmentation both within and between neighbouring nations results in a confusing governing scenario. Consequently, cooperation between nations regarding transboundary resource management may be difficult to formulate. However, this thesis is based on the assumption that successful transboundary resource management can result from the existence of social capital. A research questionnaire was undertaken with watershed management specialists from BC and WA to test four hypotheses pertaining to social capital and cooperative management of small scale transboundary watersheds in the Fraser Lowlands. The four hypotheses are: is there evidence to support the existence of substantial transboundary social capital; is there evidence for a preferred structure for transboundary governance; are there cultural or social differences resulting from the border; and, does the existence of social capital outweigh differences resulting from the border. While it is impossible to directly measure levels of social capital, it is possible to investigate for indicators in support of the existence of social capital, by testing for differences and similarities between BC and WA responses. The research results indicated evidence in support of the existence of social capital. It identified a mixed approach to governance as the preferred structure, and that there are social and cultural differences resulting from the border. Evidence supporting the existence of cognitive and structural social capital within this border region could be interpreted as an indication of a setting open to collective action

Response and variability of Arctic soils exposed to nitrogenous compounds

Increased development in Canada’s northern environments has increased the need for accurate methods to detect adverse impacts on tundra ecosystems. Ammonium nitrate is a common water pollutant associated with many industrial and municipal activities, including diamond mining, and is of special concern due to the toxicity of ammonia in aquatic systems. One solution to reduce exposure of sensitive aquatic systems to nitrogenous compounds is to atomize (atmospherically disperse in fine particles) contaminated water over the arctic tundra which will reduce N loading to surface water. However, the toxicity of ammonium nitrate to arctic soils is poorly understood. In this study I investigate the potential toxicity of ammonium nitrate solutions to arctic soil functions such as carbon mineralization, nitrification and plant growth, to determine concentrations that can be applied without causing significant inhibition to these processes. Arctic ecosystems are based on a soil type termed a cryosol that has an underlying permafrost layer. Often these soils are subject to cryoturbation, a process which heaves and mixes the soil, bringing the mineral horizons to the surface. I hypothesized that phytotoxicity test results in arctic soils would be highly variable compared to other terrestrial ecosystems due to the cryoturbation process and subsequent range of soil characteristics. The variability associated with phytotoxicity tests was evaluated using Environment Canada’s standardized plant toxicity test in three cryoturbated soils from Canada’s arctic exposed to a reference toxicant, boric acid. The phytotoxicity of boric acid to northern wheatgrass (Elymus lanceolatus ) in cryosols was much greater than commonly reported in other soils, with less than 150 ug boric acid g-1 soil needed to inhibit root and shoot growth by 20%. There was also large variability in the phytotoxicity test results, with coefficients of variation for 10 samples ranging from 160 to 79%. Due to this variability in cryoturbated arctic soils, more than 30 samples should be collected from each control and potentially impacted area to accurately assess contaminant effects, and ensure that false negatives of toxicant impacts in arctic soils are minimized. To characterize the toxicity of ammonium nitrate I exposed a variety of arctic soils and a temperate soil to different concentrations of ammonium nitrate solution over a 90 day time period. Dose responses of carbon mineralization, nitrification and phytotoxicity test parameters were estimated for ammonium nitrate applications. In addition to direct toxicity, the effect of ammonium nitrate on ecosystem resistance was investigated by dosing nitrogen impacted soils with boric acid. Ammonium nitrate solutions had no effect on carbon mineralization activity, and affected nitrification rates in only one soil, a polar desert soil from Cornwallis Island. In contrast, ammonium nitrate applications (43 mmol N L-1 soil water) significantly impaired seedling emergence, root length and shoot length of northern wheatgrass. Concentrations of ammonium nitrate in soil water that inhibited plant parameters by 20% varied between 43 to 280 mmol N L-1 soil water, which corresponds with 2,100 to 15,801 mg L-1 in the application water. Arctic soils were more resistant to ammonium nitrate toxicity than the temperate soil under these study conditions. However, it is not clear if this represents a general trend for all polar soils, and because nitrogen is an essential macro-nutrient, nitrogenous toxicity should likely be considered a special case for soil toxicity. As soil concentrations could be maintained under inhibitory levels with continual application of low concentrations of ammonium nitrate over the growing season, atomization of wastewater contaminated with ammonium nitrate is a promising technology for mitigation of nitrogen pollution in polar environments. Increased development in Canada’s northern environments has increased the need for accurate methods to detect adverse impacts on tundra ecosystems. Ammonium nitrate is a common water pollutant associated with many industrial and municipal activities, including diamond mining, and is of special concern due to the toxicity of ammonia in aquatic systems. One solution to reduce exposure of sensitive aquatic systems to nitrogenous compounds is to atomize (atmospherically disperse in fine particles) contaminated water over the arctic tundra which will reduce N loading to surface water. However, the toxicity of ammonium nitrate to arctic soils is poorly understood. In this study I investigate the potential toxicity of ammonium nitrate solutions to arctic soil functions such as carbon mineralization, nitrification and plant growth, to determine concentrations that can be applied without causing significant inhibition to these processes. Arctic ecosystems are based on a soil type termed a cryosol that has an underlying permafrost layer. Often these soils are subject to cryoturbation, a process which heaves and mixes the soil, bringing the mineral horizons to the surface. I hypothesized that phytotoxicity test results in arctic soils would be highly variable compared to other terrestrial ecosystems due to the cryoturbation process and subsequent range of soil characteristics. The variability associated with phytotoxicity tests was evaluated using Environment Canada’s standardized plant toxicity test in three cryoturbated soils from Canada’s arctic exposed to a reference toxicant, boric acid. The phytotoxicity of boric acid to northern wheatgrass (Elymus lanceolatus ) in cryosols was much greater than commonly reported in other soils, with less than 150 ug boric acid g-1 soil needed to inhibit root and shoot growth by 20%. There was also large variability in the phytotoxicity test results, with coefficients of variation for 10 samples ranging from 160 to 79%. Due to this variability in cryoturbated arctic soils, more than 30 samples should be collected from each control and potentially impacted area to accurately assess contaminant effects, and ensure that false negatives of toxicant impacts in arctic soils are minimized. To characterize the toxicity of ammonium nitrate I exposed a variety of arctic soils and a temperate soil to different concentrations of ammonium nitrate solution over a 90 day time period. Dose responses of carbon mineralization, nitrification and phytotoxicity test parameters were estimated for ammonium nitrate applications. In addition to direct toxicity, the effect of ammonium nitrate on ecosystem resistance was investigated by dosing nitrogen impacted soils with boric acid. Ammonium nitrate solutions had no effect on carbon mineralization activity, and affected nitrification rates in only one soil, a polar desert soil from Cornwallis Island. In contrast, ammonium nitrate applications (43 mmol N L-1 soil water) significantly impaired seedling emergence, root length and shoot length of northern wheatgrass. Concentrations of ammonium nitrate in soil water that inhibited plant parameters by 20% varied between 43 to 280 mmol N L-1 soil water, which corresponds with 2,100 to 15,801 mg L-1 in the application water. Arctic soils were more resistant to ammonium nitrate toxicity than the temperate soil under these study conditions. However, it is not clear if this represents a general trend for all polar soils, and because nitrogen is an essential macro-nutrient, nitrogenous toxicity should likely be considered a special case for soil toxicity. As soil concentrations could be maintained under inhibitory levels with continual application of low concentrations of ammonium nitrate over the growing season, atomization of wastewater contaminated with ammonium nitrate is a promising technology for mitigation of nitrogen pollution in polar environments

Groundwater and surface mangement in the Fraser Lowlands: policy and rights

Development and urban growth within the Fraser Lowlands in both Canada and the United States, is putting increased pressure on shared water resources. The transboundary nature of surface watersheds and aquifers creates a dynamic management situation. Mismatched responsibility between levels of government in British Columbian B.C. and Washington State (WA) and different policy regarding management of watershed and aquifer use and protection can lead to conflict between watershed users at local and international levels. For example, a lack record of surface and groundwater withdrawal rates for private individuals in B.C has led to an information void. This has implications for management regarding flow rates of transboundary surface watersheds, as well as sources of long-term transboundary aquifer depletion. This paper explores management policy on both sides of the border, as it pertains to individual, community and province/state rights to surface and groundwater withdrawal, and the implications this has on transboundary water management

Perbedaan Perkembangan Bahasa Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun Yang Belajar Dan Tidak Belajar Di Program TK Kelurahan Timur Indah Kota Bengkulu

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan perkembangan bahasa anak usia 5-6 tahun yang belajar dan tidak belajar di Program Taman Kanak-Kanan (TK) Kelurahan Timur Indah Kota Bengkulu. Jenis penelitian ini adalah menggunakan deskriptif kuantitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah anak usia 5-6 tahun di Kelurahan Timur Indah Kota Bengkulu dengan jumlah 79 anak. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan Probability Cluster Sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik wawancara terstruktur dengan lembar DDST (Denver Development Screening Test). Data hasil penelitian dianalisis menggunakan analisis statistik dengan rumus Chi-Square. Interpretasi perkembangan anak usia 5-6 tahun berdasarkan Denver Development Screening Test 2 (DDST 2) yang belajar di program TK yaitu terdapat 25 anak yang interpretasinya Normal, terdapat 5 anak yang interpretasinya Suspek, dan terdapat 9 anak yang interpretasinya Untesable sedangkan perkembangan anak usia 5-6 tahun berdasarkan DDST 2 yang tidak belajar di program TK yaitu terdapat 8 anak yang interpretasinya Normal, terdapat 25 anak yang interpretasinya Suspek, dan terdapat 7 anak yang interpretasinya Untesable. Interpretasi berdasasarkan nilai statistic chi-square Pearson yakni 22,332 lebih besar dari nilai kritis chi-square yakni 5,991 (selisih nilai mencapai 16,341). Hal ini menunjukkan adanya perbedaan signifikan antara perkembangan bahasa anak usia 5-6 tahun yang belajar dan tidak belajar di program TK Kelurahan Timur Indah Kota Bengkulu

Acute and sub-acute toxicological assessment of the aqueous seed extract of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae) in rats

The aqueous seed extract of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae) is used by herbalists in Nigeria for the management of hypertension. As part of our on-going scientific evaluation of the extract, we designed the present study to assess its acute and sub-acute toxicity profiles in rats. Experiments were conducted to determine the oral median lethal dose (LD50) and other gross toxicological manifestations on acute basis. In the sub-acute experiments, the animals were administered 2.5 g/kg (p.o) per day of the extract for 28 consecutive days. Animal weight and fluid intake were recorded during the 28 days period. Terminally, kidneys, hearts, blood/sera were obtained for weight, haematological and biochemical markers of toxicity. Results show that the LD50 could not be determined after a maximum dose of 10 g/kg. Sub-acute treatment with the extract neither affected whole body weight nor organ-tobody weight ratios but significantly increased the fluid intake (P < 0.0001). Haematological parameters and the levels of ALT, AST, albumin and creatinine were not significantly altered. However, the concentration of total proteins was significantly increased in the treated group. In conclusion, the aqueous seed extract of P. americana is safe on sub-acute basis but extremely high doses may not be advisable.Keywords: Persea americana seed, herbal medicine, safety profil

Studi Penentuan Kedalaman Akuifer Air Tanah Desa Rantau Gedang dengan Konfigurasi

This study aims to identify the depth of the groundwater aquifer and the thickness of the aquifer layer using the Schlumberger configuration resistivity geoelectric method. The data used in this study was obtained from field data collection (data acquisition) carried out in the Rantau Gedang Village area, Mersam District, Batanghari Regency, Jambi Province. The resistivity geoelectric method is one of the geophysical methods often used in exploration for the identification of subsurface groundwater aquifers. This method is carried out by conducting an electric current into the bowels of the earth and calculating the resistivity value of the rock when it is electrified. Groundwater aquifers are distinguished into 4 types. Rantau Gedang Village Area, Mersam District, Batanghari Regency, Jambi Province is one of the areas that has great aquifer potential. Data processing is carried out using IPI2Win and PROGRESS V3 software. The result of data processing is the value of resistivity and depth vertically in rock layers. The resistivity of the top soil zones of track 1 and 2 is 1.70-5.52 ohm.m, the resistivity of the free aquifer is 41.59-52.41 ohm.m, and the resistivity of a good aquifer is more 90.03-95.21 ohm.m. The depth of the top soil zone is 0-4.14 m, the depth of the free aquifer is 4.14 -31.65, and the depth of a good aquifer is 80.16-81.66 m. With an approximate thickness reaches 50

PENGARUH LITERASI EKONOMI TERHADAP SIKAP HEMAT SISWA DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS NEGERI 2 SIAK HULU

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh literasi ekonomi terhadap sikap hemat siswa di Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 2 Siak Hulu. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu Kuantitatif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah jumlah siswa kelas X1 sampai X12 di Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 2 Siak Hulu dengan jumlah populasi sebanyak 452 siswa. Jumlah sampel penelitian yang dilakukan oleh penulis jumlah sampel 208 siswa. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik Proportional Stratified Random Sampling. Teknik analisis data yang penulis gunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Analisis Deskriptif Kuantitatif, Perubahan data Ordinal ke data Interval, Uji Linearitas, Uji Normalitas, dan Uji Korelasi. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa korelasi literasi ekonomi terhadap sikap hemat siswa adalah sebesar 0,389 dengan tingkat probabilitas 0,000. Oleh karena itu probabilitas lebih kecil dari 0.05, maka Ho ditolak Ha diterima. Variasi variabel literasi ekonomi terhadap sikap hemat siswa mampu menjelaskan sebesar 15,1% sedangkan sisanya 84,9% dipengaruhi atau dijelaskan oleh variabel lain yang tidak dimasukkan di dalam penelitian ini