Spatial projection of input-ouput tables for small areas

Studies on regional economy have achieved a huge expansion in the last decades. In particular, from an input-ouput optic many efforts have been devoted to carring out a suitable methodology, which enable us to cover the overall and exhaustive knowledge of the economic reality of one region. Given that a input-output table (IOT) gathers both intersectorial relationships and the final demand of the economy, it allows us to provide a reliable picture of one economy in a certain moment of time. Nonetheless, the elaboration of a IOT is a complex task, which needs many human and economic resources. Thus, most of the tables elaborated using direct methods have as a benchmark frame either a country or a region, although it is difficult to find matrices related to smaller geografic spaces like, for instance, counties. So, if we attempt to perform a deeper study of both spaces, it would be of great help if we could dispose of estimation methods, which enable us to make tables with less information, i.e, indirect (semidirect) methods of estimation. Let´s say that the economy of a region is determined by the relations among productive structures of their counties, therefore a previous knowledge of these productive structures can be interesting. The basic aim of this work consists of estimating a TIO for each one of the eight Asturian Counties in 1995, since this is the last period in which we possess published information relative to regional accounts. To this end, a technique focused on mathematical theory of the information: cross entropy, will be employed. Such a technique has lately been applied to the construction of regional tables, largely for two reasons: one, flexibility as regards the information it needs; the other, to produce some rather suitable empiric results. From the tables estimates by this method we will be able to know the characteristics of economic structures of the counties. To achieve this scope, tools related to the graph theory, have been applied. Their application in input-output analisis has a great potential to provide a simple vision of the relations between the different sectors, as well as being able to integrate matters as important as the relative positions of the sectors, their orientation or paths in which drive the economic influence inside the corresponding structure.

Neurohormonal Modulation as a Therapeutic Target in Pulmonary Hypertension.

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) are involved in many cardiovascular disorders, including pulmonary hypertension (PH). The current review focuses on the role of the ANS and RAAS activation in PH and updated evidence of potential therapies targeting both systems in this condition, particularly in Groups 1 and 2. State of the art knowledge in preclinical and clinical use of pharmacologic drugs (beta-blockers, beta-three adrenoceptor agonists, or renin-angiotensin-aldosterone signaling drugs) and invasive procedures, such as pulmonary artery denervation, is provided.This work was partially funded by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria PI17/00995 and Intensificación AES2019 to Dr. García-Álvarez. The CNIC is supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades and the Pro CNIC Foundation, and is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (SEV-2015-0505). Part of this work was developed at the Centre de Recerca Biomèdica Cellex, IDIBAPS, Barcelona. The IDIBAPS belongs to the CERCA Programme and receives partial funding from the Generalitat de Catalunya.S

Análisis del salario minimo y nivel de vida de Nicaragua 2010-2015

El salario es una variable macroeconómica importante para los gobiernos, ya que determina el nivel de cobertura que puede alcanzar la fuerza trabajadora. En este sentido la variable salario en el mercado laboral constituye lo más importante como fuente de ingreso en el núcleo familiar. Dentro de los instrumentos que tienen los países para fomentar mejoras en los salarios se encuentra la suscripción de acuerdos de la empresa privada, gobierno y trabajadores con el único fin de mejorar las condiciones de trabajo y alcanzar mayores niveles de productividad laboral, es lo que la organización internacional del trabajo (OIT), ha denominado dialogo social. En el capítulo I abordaremos los aspectos metodológicos de nuestra tesis “Análisis del salario mínimo y nivel de vida (2010-2015)”. Las teorías acerca de los salarios mínimos planteados por reconocidos economistas aportando ha dicho tema, al igual que la metodología empleada en la investigación y desarrollo de la tesis entre otros aspectos. El capítulo II desarrollamos las políticas de empleo del gobierno y la creación de oportunidades en la incorporación de los jóvenes en los empleos; incentivando el emprendurismo y el auto empleo. Para conocer los determinantes del desempleo en los grupos más vulnerable en la sociedad, como consecuencia de percibir salarios mínimos lo que lleva a las personas a la migración a diversos países de la región Centro Americana obteniendo beneficios tanto positivos como negativos en el país. En el capítulo III abordaremos un análisis de los sectores económicos mediante la Ley N° 625, se modifica la nueva Ley de salario mínimo, aprobada en vigencia la primera acta de salario mínimo el 15 de enero de 2008, En un plano más concreto en Nicaragua. Este dialogo social fue retomado a partir del año 2008 con la aprobación de un acuerdo ministerial que regula los salarios mínimos según sector económico; este logro como país marca un hito en la historia de Nicaragua en materia de dialogo social, siendo reconocido este esfuerzo a nivel internacional, como uno de los más visibles avances en materia de entendimiento social. Por lo tanto en el tema, “Análisis del salario mínimo y nivel de vida 2010-2015” pretendemos demostrar la relación, vínculos o dependencia que existen en los incrementos de salario mínimo hechos desde 2008 y los elementos constituyentes del nivel de vida de las familias nicaragüenses. Para lo anterior analizaremos las diferentes formas de obtención de ingresos de la fuerza trabajadora, las condiciones en que desarrolla su actividad laboral, niveles de dependencia, condiciones del hogar, tipo de ocupación, acceso a servicios básicos y formalidad del empleo entre otras variables a analizar en función de la cobertura de la canasta básica que permite el salario mínimo. Los países más desarrollados son los que se favorecen en la acumulación de riquezas, Mientras los países subdesarrollados pretenden implementar un modelo económico igual a los países desarrollados, tratando de alcanzar los mismo niveles de desarrollo para poder dar una vida digna a los ciudadanos, logrando cubrir las necesidades básicas de la población: educación, salud, empleo digno, vivienda, seguridad social y seguridad alimentaria. En una población creciente la calidad de vida debe ser una de las condiciones necesarias para poder satisfacer las demanda de la sociedad, uno de los principales intereses debe ser la seguridad alimentaria, la seguridad social y la educación, pero no cualquier educación, una en la cual sea de calidad y no tenga una estructura educacional de elites. Se debe reformar el sistema educacional desde primaria hasta la universidad calificando al profesional por sus diferentes niveles educativos. Esto permitirá que no haya profesores empíricos en la base de desarrollo del estudiante y optando a la profesionalización en todos los sectores y dando así la llave del éxito en la vida del nicaragüense. En el capítulo IV Establecemos los resultado que ha tenido el salario, las políticas del Gobierno sobre empleo, subsidio de transporte, educación y salud en la calidad de vida de los nicaragüense y a las vez dar a conocer los problemas que existente que no han dado paso a la calidad y nivel de vida en los últimos cincos años, relacionándolo con canasta básica que aún sigue teniendo constantes cambios debido a la inflación que sufre la economía del país, o al aumento de precios en los productos que demanda la población y a los cambios climáticos, con las grandes transformaciones afectando el bolsillo de cada trabajador. La calidad de vida es el objetivo al que debería tender el estilo de desarrollo de un país que se preocupe por el ser humano integral. Este enunciado hace referencia al bienestar en todas las facetas del hombre, atendiendo a la creación de condiciones para satisfacer sus necesidades materiales (comida y cobijo), psicológicas (seguridad y afecto), sociales (trabajo, derechos y responsabilidades) y ecológicas (calidad del aire, del agua). Una sociedad capaz de aceptar y asimilar sus diferencias culturales, étnicas, religiosas, políticas y sociales es más propensa a desarrollar instituciones eficaces y legítimas, y por lo tanto, a encaminarse hacia el desarrollo, elevando a la mayoría de su población desde niveles iniciales de pobreza y subsistencia, hacia estilos de vida acordes con la riqueza que permiten el comercio internacional y la globalización cuando son administradas de manera adecuada y en beneficio del bien común

Spatial projection of input-ouput tables for small areas

Studies on regional economy have achieved a huge expansion in the last decades. In particular, from an input-ouput optic many efforts have been devoted to carring out a suitable methodology, which enable us to cover the overall and exhaustive knowledge of the economic reality of one region. Given that a input-output table (IOT) gathers both intersectorial relationships and the final demand of the economy, it allows us to provide a reliable picture of one economy in a certain moment of time. Nonetheless, the elaboration of a IOT is a complex task, which needs many human and economic resources. Thus, most of the tables elaborated using direct methods have as a benchmark frame either a country or a region, although it is difficult to find matrices related to smaller geografic spaces like, for instance, counties. So, if we attempt to perform a deeper study of both spaces, it would be of great help if we could dispose of estimation methods, which enable us to make tables with less information, i.e, indirect (semidirect) methods of estimation. Let's say that the economy of a region is determined by the relations among productive structures of their counties, therefore a previous knowledge of these productive structures can be interesting. The basic aim of this work consists of estimating a TIO for each one of the eight Asturian Counties in 1995, since this is the last period in which we possess published information relative to regional accounts. To this end, a technique focused on mathematical theory of the information: cross entropy, will be employed. Such a technique has lately been applied to the construction of regional tables, largely for two reasons: one, flexibility as regards the information it needs; the other, to produce some rather suitable empiric results. From the tables estimates by this method we will be able to know the characteristics of economic structures of the counties. To achieve this scope, tools related to the graph theory, have been applied. Their application in input-output analisis has a great potential to provide a simple vision of the relations between the different sectors, as well as being able to integrate matters as important as the relative positions of the sectors, their orientation or paths in which drive the economic influence inside the corresponding structure

Brain Metastases in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer: Current and Novel Treatment Strategies

Metàstasi cerebral; Càncer de mama; LapatinibMetástasis cerebral; Cáncer de mama; LapatinibBrain metastasis; Breast cancer; LapatinibDevelopment of brain metastases can occur in up to 30–50% of patients with breast cancer, representing a significant impact on an individual patient in terms of survival and quality of life. Patients with HER2-positive breast cancer have an increased risk of developing brain metastases; however, screening for brain metastases is not currently recommended due to the lack of robust evidence to support survival benefit. In recent years, several novel anti-HER2 agents have led to significant improvements in the outcomes of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Despite these advances, brain and leptomeningeal metastases from HER2-positive breast cancer remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, and their optimal management remains an unmet need. This review presents an update on the current and novel treatment strategies for patients with brain metastases from HER2-positive breast cancer and discusses the open questions in the field.A.P. is supported by ESMO Research Fellowship

Shear behaviour of sprayed concrete

Shear in sprayed concrete (SC) may govern the design criteria in certain applications subjected to seismic loads or in bolted areas. However, it has been scarcely studied given the complexity of reproducing the production conditions in the laboratory and the lack of standardized tests. The paper focuses on the shear characterization of SC using a shear test compatible with the sample production. For that, an experimental program is performed analysing the influence of several parameters and comparing the results to those of a reference concrete. Furthermore, the outcome validates the shear test selected for the characterization of SC

CAR T-Cell Therapy Predictive Response Markers in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma and Therapeutic Options After CART19 Failure

Immunotherapy with T cells genetically modified with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has shown significant clinical efficacy in patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphoma. Nevertheless, more than 50% of treated patients do not benefit from such therapy due to either absence of response or further relapse. Elucidation of clinical and biological features that would predict clinical response to CART19 therapy is of paramount importance and eventually may allow for selection of those patients with greater chances of response. In the last 5 years, significant clinical experience has been obtained in the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients with CAR19 T cells, and major advances have been made on the understanding of CART19 efficacy mechanisms. In this review, we discuss clinical and tumor features associated with response to CART19 in DLBCL patients as well as the impact of biological features of the infusion CART19 product on the clinical response. Prognosis of DLBCL patients that fail CART19 is poor and therapeutic approaches with new drugs are also discussed

What is the status of immunotherapy in thyroid neoplasms?

Immunotherapy; Thyroid neoplasms; Tumor mutational burdenInmunoterapia; Neoplasias de la tiroides; Carga mutacional tumoralImmunoteràpia; Neoplàsies de les tiroides; Càrrega mutacional tumoralImmunotherapy has changed the treatment of patients with advanced cancer, with different phase III trials showing durable responses across different histologies. This review focuses on the preclinical and clinical evidence of potential predictive biomarkers of response and efficacy of immunotherapy in thyroid neoplasms. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) staining by immunohistochemistry has shown higher expression in anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) compared to other subtypes. The tumor mutational burden in thyroid neoplasms is low but seems to be higher in ATC. Immune infiltrates in the tumor microenvironment (TME) differ between the different thyroid neoplasm subtypes. In general, differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) has a higher number of tumor-associated lymphocytes and regulatory T cells (Tregs), while ATC and medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) display a high density of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Nevertheless, results from clinical trials with immunotherapy as monotherapy or combinations have shown limited efficacy. Further investigation into new strategies aside from anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4)/programmed death 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 antibodies, validation of predictive biomarkers, and better population selection for clinical trials in thyroid neoplasms is more than needed in the near future

Factores socioeconómicos y su influencia con las obligaciones tributarias en las MYPES del centro comercial Megacench, Lurigancho, 2021

El objetivo de la presente investigación, fue determinar en qué medida los factores socioeconómicos influyen con las obligaciones tributarias en las MYPES delcentro comercial MEGACENCH, Lurigancho, 2021. El estudio se realizó a través de una metodología que considera un estudio de tipo aplicada, de alcance explicativa, de diseño no experimental y corte transversal, en donde la muestra estuvo constituida de 20 personas, a las que se les aplicó un cuestionario como instrumento de recolección de datos. Los resultados mostraron que, con un coeficiente de Chi cuadrado de 10,909 y con un p valor de 0.001, los factores socioeconómicos influyen significativamente en las obligaciones tributarias formales en las MYPES del centro comercial MEGACENCH,Lurigancho, 2021; también que, con un coeficiente de Chi cuadrado de 16,296 y con un p valor de 0.000, los factores socioeconómicos influyen significativamente en las obligaciones tributarias sustanciales en las MYPES del centro comercial MEGACENCH, Lurigancho, 2021; y por último que, con un coeficiente de Chi cuadrado de 12,857 y con un p valor de 0.000, los factores socioeconómicos influyen significativamente en las obligaciones tributarias en las MYPES del centro comercialMEGACENCH, Lurigancho, 2021

Psychometric Validation of the Portuguese Version of the Modern Homonegativity Scale among Portuguese College Students

The studies focused on analysing attitudes toward homosexuality show that the manifestation of homonegativity has evolved into more modern forms. We therefore propose using instruments that capture subtle aspects in discrimination against gay and lesbian people. The objective of this study is twofold. First, we aim to adapt and validate the Portuguese version of the Modern Homonegativity Scale. Second, we set out to analyse the modern homonegativity shown by Portuguese university students. The scale includes two parallel subscales (MHS-Gay Men and MHS-Lesbian Women), each with 12 items. Six hundred and forty-one Portuguese college students between 18 and 27 years of age participated in the study (Mage = 21.23; SD = 1.88). The results demonstrate the unidimensionality of the scale and a high degree of internal consistency, along with satisfactory fit indices. Those people who identified as male and heterosexual showed greater modern homonegativity. We conclude that the Portuguese version of the MHS is valid and reliable for evaluating modern homonegativity in Portugal.This research was co-funded by Programa Operativo FEDER 2014-2020 and Consejería de Economía y Conocimiento de la Junta de Andalucía, Proyecto DISEXGO (ref.: B-SEJ-294-UGR18).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio