Putative LysM Effectors Contribute to Fungal Lifestyle

Fungal LysM effector proteins can dampen plant host–defence responses, protecting hyphae from plant chitinases, but little is known on these effectors from nonpathogenic fungal endophytes. We found four putative LysM effectors in the genome of the endophytic nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia (Pc123). All four genes encoding putative LysM effectors are expressed constitutively by the fungus. Additionally, the gene encoding Lys1—the smallest one—is the most expressed in banana roots colonised by the fungus. Pc123 Lys1, 2 and 4 display high homology with those of other strains of the fungus and phylogenetically close entomopathogenic fungi. However, Pc123 Lys3 displays low homology with other fungi, but some similarities are found in saprophytes. This suggests evolutionary divergence in Pc123 LysM effectors. Additionally, molecular docking shows that the NAcGl binding sites of Pc123 Lys 2, 3 and 4 are adjacent to an alpha helix. Putative LysM effectors from fungal endophytes, such as Pc123, differ from those of plant pathogenic fungi. LysM motifs from endophytic fungi show clear conservation of cysteines in Positions 13, 51 and 63, unlike those of plant pathogens. LysM effectors could therefore be associated with the lifestyle of a fungus and give us a clue of how organisms could behave in different environments.This research was funded by European Project H2020 MUSA, Grant Number 727624

Heterogeneity of Moraxella isolates found in the nasal cavities of piglets

Background Previous studies have shown that the genus Moraxella is commonly present in the nasal microbiota of swine. Results In this study, 51 isolates of Moraxella were obtained from nasal swabs from 3 to 4 week old piglets, which represented 26 different fingerprintings by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR. Whole 16S rRNA gene sequencing allowed the identification at species level of the Moraxella spp. isolates. The majority of the field strains were identified as Moraxella pluranimalium, but Moraxella porci was also detected. In addition, a cluster of 7 strains did not group with any described Moraxella species, probably representing a new species. Subsequent phenotypic characterization indicated that strains of Moraxella pluranimalium were mainly sensitive to serum complement, while the cluster representing the putative new species was highly resistant. Biofilm formation capacity was very variable among the Moraxella spp. isolates, while adherence to epithelial cell lines was similar among selected strains. Additionally, variability was also observed in the association of selected strains to porcine alveolar macrophages. Antimicrobial tests evidenced the existence of multidrug-resistance in the strains. Conclusions In summary, phenotypic characterization revealed heterogeneity among Moraxella strains from the nasal cavity of piglets. Strains with pathogenic potential were detected as well as those that may be commensal members of the nasal microbiota. However, the role of Moraxella in porcine diseases and health should be further evaluated.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Impact of children with complex chronic conditions on costs in a tertiary referral hospital

OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of complex chronic conditions on the use of healthcare resources and hospitalization costs in a pediatric ward of a public tertiary referral university hospital in Brazil. METHODS This is a longitudinal study with retrospective data collection. Overall, three one-year periods, separated by five-year intervals (2006, 2011, and 2016), were evaluated. Hospital costs were calculated in three systematic samples of 100 patients each, consisting of patients with and without complex chronic conditions in proportion to their participation in the studied year. RESULTS Over the studied period, the hospital received 2,372 admissions from 2,172 patients. The proportion of hospitalized patients with complex chronic conditions increased from 13.3% in 2006 to 16.9% in 2016 as a result of a greater proportion of neurologically impaired children, which rose from 6.6% to 11.6% of the total number of patients in the same period. Patients’ complexity also progressively increased, which greatly impacted the use of healthcare resources and costs, increasing by 11.6% from 2006 (R$1,300,879.20) to 2011 (R$1,452,359.71) and 9.4% from 2011 to 2016 (R$1,589,457.95). CONCLUSIONS Hospitalizations of pediatric patients with complex chronic conditions increased from 2006 to 2016 in a Brazilian tertiary referral university hospital, associated with an important impact on hospital costs. Policies to reduce these costs in Brazil are greatly needed

Ratio of the Dead to Wounded (D/W) Indicators and Associated Factors in Major Earthquakes of America from 1960 to 2011

Corrigendum to “Ratio of the Dead to Wounded (D/W) Indicators and Associated Factors in Major Earthquakes of America from 1960 to 2011”. Journal of Earthquakes 2015; 436960, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/436960.The paper presented deals with the casualties, mortality, and morbidity occurred during the major earthquakes of America during a period of 51 years. The work provides statistical evidence that the deaths/wounded (D/W) ratio used for many agencies in the planning of the preparation and response activities to earthquakes does not fit the relation 1 : 3. In addition, a model is presented in order to evaluate the possible association between different analysis variables such as the subregion of the American continent affected, population density, HDI, and the time and magnitude of the earthquake and the effects of these on the death toll, the number of the wounded, and the D/W indexes. Although the model generated it is not robust enough for decision making, it could be useful and improvable in order to apply it in the planning and management of these kinds of natural disasters. For these reasons, we think that it would be interesting to do further progress in this line of research by making a more comprehensive study of the variables associated with mortality and morbidity, using a more representative sample of earthquakes that sure will confirm the results presented in this work.This work was funded by the Spanish Field Epidemiology Training Program and was done as part of research activities of Ana Ayuso-Alvárez, M.S., Marcello S. Rossi S., D.S., and Dante Culqui, M.S., in the Spanish Field Epidemiology Training Program.S

Expectativas da equipe da unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica quanto à atuação do farmacêutico clínico

Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi conhecer as expectativas da equipe da unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica quanto às atividades a serem realizadas pelo farmacêutico clínico a fim de planejar seu trabalho junto com a equipe multidisciplinar. Desenho do estudo: Estudo transversal, envolvendo a equipe multidisciplinar da unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica de um hospital universitário terciário. Método: Um questionário autopreenchível contendo perguntas sobre as expectativas da equipe da unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica em relação ao papel do farmacêutico clínico na equipe multidisciplinar foi aplicado aos membros da equipe, utilizando a escala de resposta do tipo Likert. Resultados: Os auxiliares/ técnicos de enfermagem e fisioterapeutas mostraram maior expectativa em relação a questões relacionadas com a administração de medicamentos; para enfermeiros, a expectativa sobre o desempenho do farmacêutico clínico focou-se em questões relacionadas à prescrição de medicações, como a avaliação da antibioticoterapia, enquanto os médicos consideraram mais importantes informações sobre a terapia medicamentosa, como a notificação de alergias relacionadas às drogas, informações sobre o aprazamento de medicamentos e avaliação da administração de drogas por sonda gástrica ou enteral. Conclusões: As expectativas da equipe variaram de acordo com as necessidades e a rotina de cada categoria profissional. Os resultados deste estudo têm contribuído para a implantação do serviço de farmácia clínica em uma unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica brasileiraObjective: We aimed to know the expectations of a pediatric intensive care unit staff for the activities to be undertaken by the clinical pharmacist, in order to plan her work along with the multidisciplinary team. Study design: A cross-sectional study, involving the multidisciplinary team of the pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary-care university hospital. Method: A self-completion questionnaire containing questions regarding expectations of the pediatric intensive care unit staff for the role of the clinical pharmacist in the multidisciplinary team was applied to the team members, using a Likert-type scale response. Results: The nursing assistants/technicians and physiotherapists showed higher expectation for issues related to administration of medications; for nurses, the expectation for the clinical pharmacist performance focused on issues related to prescription drugs, such as evaluation of antibiotic therapy, while physicians considered most important information on drug therapy, as notification of allergies related to drugs, information on period of validity of medicines and evaluation of drug administration by gastric or enteral tubes. Conclusions: Team expectations varied according to the needs and routine of each professional category. The results of this study have contributed to implementation of the clinical pharmacy service in a Brazilian pediatric intensive care uni

Continuous Drip Flow System to Develop Biofilm of E. faecalis

Purpose. To evaluate a structurally mature E. faecalis biofilm developed under anaerobic/dynamic conditions in an in vitro system. Methods. An experimental device was developed using a continuous drip flow system designed to develop biofilm under anaerobic conditions. The inoculum was replaced every 24 hours with a fresh growth medium for up to 10 days to feed the system. Gram staining was done every 24 hours to control the microorganism purity. Biofilms developed under the system were evaluated under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results. SEM micrographs demonstrated mushroom-shaped structures, corresponding to a mature E. faecalis biofilm. In the mature biofilm bacterial cells are totally encased in a polymeric extracellular matrix. Conclusions. The proposed in vitro system model provides an additional useful tool to study the biofilm concept in endodontic microbiology, allowing for a better understanding of persistent root canal infections

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Epidemiology of varicella in spain pre-and post-vaccination periods

BACKGROUND: Varicella virus can cause two different diseases: chickenpox and herpes zoster. In 2005 varicella vaccine has been introduced in the Spanish national vaccination schedule for 10-14 years old non-immune people, in order to reduce the severity of the disease. In 2007 a new surveillance protocol with aggregate data for chickenpox and herpes zoster was approved in order to detect any change in age distribution, severity and complications of the chickenpox and herpes zoster cases. The aim of this study is to know the burden of diseases (in the last ten years). METHODS: Number of cases, hospitalization and incidence for chickenpox and herpes zoster were study for two periods 1997-2003 and 2005-2007. Analysis for 1996-2007 fatal cases was done too. We decided to remove year 2004 because the extremely high chickenpox incidence registered. SOURCES OF DATA: RENAVE (Spanish Surveillance Network), Spanish hospital surveillance system (CMBD), and mortality registries. RESULTS: Chickenpox incidence decreased since 2005, but an increasing trend was detected in hospitalisation with an average of 1,311 hospitalizations every year. For the 32%-36% of hospitalized cases, the main diagnosis was not chickenpox. 4-14 deaths per year have been detected; 80% of them were older than 14 years. Annual rate of herpes zoster hospitalization was 2.5 per 100,000 inhabitants, similar in both sexes. Case fatality rate per year was 0.31 per million inhabitants. No significant changes were detected in age and sex in complicated cases between the two periods. 88% of chickenpox cases were younger than 15 years old and 64% of herpes zoster older than 50 years in 2007. CONCLUSIONS: Chickenpox has been decreasing during 2005-2007 in Spain. The impact of vaccination is difficult to asses, because of a peak registered in 2004 but also because the lack of vaccination coverage information for this period and the case-data information is available only for the last year. Fundamento: El virus varicela zoster puede causar dos enfermedades, la varicela y el herpes zóster. La vacuna frente a la varicela se incorporó en España en 2005 para personas susceptibles de entre 10 y 14 años. En 2007 se aprobó una propuesta de vigilancia de la varicela y herpes zóster que permitiera detectar posibles cambios en los patrones de distribución por edad, en la gravedad y complicaciones. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer la carga de enfermedad por varicela antes y después de la vacunación. Método: Se analizan los datos agregados (casos e incidencia) de varicela y herpes zóster en España en el sistema CMBD para 1997-2003 y 2005-2007, así como la mortalidad por esta enfermedad a nivel nacional para e período 1999-2006. Resultados: El 88,1% de los casos de varicela se da en personas menores de 15 años. En el CMBD se registró un promedio anual de 1.311 ingresos. No se observaron cambios significativos en la distribución por edad, sexo ni complicaciones durante los ingresos en ninguno de los períodos estudiados. El 32-36% anual ingresó por un motivo diferente a varicela. La mortalidad osciló entre 4 y 14 individuos/año, el 80% mayores de 14 años. El 64% de los casos notificados de herpes zóster fueron mayores de 50 años. La tasa media anual de ingresos por fue de 2,5 por 100.000 habitantes sin diferencias por sexo. La tasa media anual de defunciones fue 0,31 por millón de habitantes. Conclusiones: En España la varicela tuvo una disminución generalizada durante 2005-2007, pero es difícil valorar el impacto de la vacunación por la falta de cifras de cobertura vacunal y porque este período coincide con el inmediato a la última onda epidémica, cuyo máximo se registró en 2004