Curved Herbig-Haro Jets: Simulations and Experiments

Herbig-Haro jets often show some degree of curvature along their path, in many cases produced by the ram pressure of a side-wind. We present simulations of both laboratory and astrophysical curved jets and experimental results from laboratory experiments. We discuss the properties and similarities of the laboratory and astrophysical flow, which show the formation of internal shocks and working surfaces. In particular the results illustrate how the break-up of the bow-shock and clumps in the flow are produced without invoking jet variability; we also discuss how jet rotation reduces the growth of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in curved jets.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figure, accepted to be published in The Astrophysical Journa

Magnetic Tower Outflows from a Radial Wire Array Z-pinch

We present the first results of high energy density laboratory astrophysics experiments which explore the evolution of collimated outflows and jets driven by a toroidal magnetic field. The experiments are scalable to astrophysical flows in that critical dimensionless numbers such as the Mach number, the plasma beta and the magnetic Reynolds number are all in the astrophysically appropriate ranges. Our experiments use the MAGPIE pulsed power machine and allow us to explore the role of magnetic pressure in creating and collimating the outflow as well as showing the creation of a central jet within the broader outflow cavity. We show that currents flow along this jet and we observe its collimation to be enhanced by the additional hoop stresses associated with the generated toroidal field. Although at later times the jet column is observed to go unstable, the jet retains its collimation. We also present simulations of the magnetic jet evolution using our two-dimensional resistive magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) laboratory code. We conclude with a discussion of the astrophysical relevance of the experiments and of the stability properties of the jet.Comment: Accepted by MNRAS. 17 pages without figures. Full version with figures can be found at http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~afrank/labastro/MF230rv.pd

Jet Deflection via Cross winds: Laboratory Astrophysical Studies

We present new data from High Energy Density (HED) laboratory experiments designed to explore the interaction of a heavy hypersonic radiative jet with a cross wind. The jets are generated with the MAGPIE pulsed power machine where converging conical plasma flows are produced from a cylindrically symmetric array of inclined wires. Radiative hypersonic jets emerge from the convergence point. The cross wind is generated by ablation of a plastic foil via soft-X-rays from the plasma convergence region. Our experiments show that the jets are deflected by the action of the cross wind with the angle of deflection dependent on the proximity of the foil. Shocks within the jet beam are apparent in the data. Analysis of the data shows that the interaction of the jet and cross wind is collisional and therefore in the hydro-dynamic regime. MHD plasma code simulations of the experiments are able to recover the deflection behaviour seen in the experiments. We consider the astrophysical relevance of these experiments applying published models of jet deflection developed for AGN and YSOs. Fitting the observed jet deflections to quadratic trajectories predicted by these models allows us to recover a set of plasma parameters consistent with the data. We also present results of 3-D numerical simulations of jet deflection using a new astrophysical Adaptive Mesh Refinement code. These simulations show highly structured shocks occurring within the beam similar to what was observed in the experimentsComment: Submitted to ApJ. For a version with figures go to http://web.pas.rochester.edu/~afrank/labastro/CW/Jet-Wind-Frank.pd

A framework for experimental-data-driven assessment of Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion stagnation image metrics

A variety of spherical crystal x-ray imager (SCXI) diagnostics have been developed and fielded on Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF) experiments at the Sandia National Laboratories Z-facility. These different imaging modalities provide detailed insight into different physical phenomena such as mix of liner material into the hot fuel, cold liner emission, or reduce impact of liner opacity. However, several practical considerations ranging from the lack of a consistent spatial fiducial for registration to different point-spread-functions and tuning crystals or using filters to highlight specific spectral regions make it difficult to develop broadly applicable metrics to compare experiments across our stagnation image database without making significant unverified assumptions. We leverage experimental data for a model-free assessment of sensitivities to instrumentation-based features for any specified image metric. In particular, we utilize a database of historical and recent MagLIF data including $N_{\text{scans}} = 139$ image plate scans gathered across $N_{\text{exp}} = 67$ different experiments to assess the impact of a variety of features in the experimental observations arising from uncertainties in registration as well as discrepancies in signal-to-noise ratio and instrument resolution. We choose a wavelet-based image metric known as the Mallat Scattering Transform for the study and highlight how alternate metric choices could also be studied. In particular, we demonstrate a capability to understand and mitigate the impact of signal-to-noise, image registration, and resolution difference between images. This is achieved by utilizing multiple scans of the same image plate, sampling random translations and rotations, and applying instrument specific point-spread-functions found by ray tracing to high-resolution datasets, augmenting our data in an effectively model-free fashion.Comment: 17 pages, 14 figure

Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of asthma exacerbations

Asthma exacerbations; Single-nucleotide polymorphismExacerbaciones del asma; Polimorfismo de un solo nucleótidoExacerbacions de l'asma; Polimorfisme d'un sol nucleòtidBackground Asthma exacerbations are a serious public health concern due to high healthcare resource utilization, work/school productivity loss, impact on quality of life, and risk of mortality. The genetic basis of asthma exacerbations has been studied in several populations, but no prior study has performed a multi-ancestry meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (meta-GWAS) for this trait. We aimed to identify common genetic loci associated with asthma exacerbations across diverse populations and to assess their functional role in regulating DNA methylation and gene expression. Methods A meta-GWAS of asthma exacerbations in 4989 Europeans, 2181 Hispanics/Latinos, 1250 Singaporean Chinese, and 972 African Americans analyzed 9.6 million genetic variants. Suggestively associated variants (p ≤ 5 × 10−5) were assessed for replication in 36,477 European and 1078 non-European asthma patients. Functional effects on DNA methylation were assessed in 595 Hispanic/Latino and African American asthma patients and in publicly available databases. The effect on gene expression was evaluated in silico. Results One hundred and twenty-six independent variants were suggestively associated with asthma exacerbations in the discovery phase. Two variants independently replicated: rs12091010 located at vascular cell adhesion molecule-1/exostosin like glycosyltransferase-2 (VCAM1/EXTL2) (discovery: odds ratio (ORT allele) = 0.82, p = 9.05 × 10−6 and replication: ORT allele = 0.89, p = 5.35 × 10−3) and rs943126 from pantothenate kinase 1 (PANK1) (discovery: ORC allele = 0.85, p = 3.10 × 10−5 and replication: ORC allele = 0.89, p = 1.30 × 10−2). Both variants regulate gene expression of genes where they locate and DNA methylation levels of nearby genes in whole blood. Conclusions This multi-ancestry study revealed novel suggestive regulatory loci for asthma exacerbations located in genomic regions participating in inflammation and host defense.This work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, and the European Regional Development Fund “ERDF A way of making Europe” by the European Union (SAF2017-83417R), by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (PID2020-116274RB-I00) and by the Allergopharma-EAACI award 2021. This study was also supported by the SysPharmPedia grant from the ERACoSysMed 1st Joint Transnational Call from the European Union under the Horizon 2020. GALA II and SAGE studies were supported by the Sandler Family Foundation, the American Asthma Foundation, the RWJF Amos Medical Faculty Development Program, Harry Wm. and Diana V. Hind Distinguished Professor in Pharmaceutical Sciences II, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health (R01HL117004, R01HL128439, R01HL135156, X01HL134589, R01HL141992, and R01HL141845), National Institute of Health and Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES015794 and R21ES24844); the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) (P60MD006902, R01MD010443, and R56MD013312); the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) (RL5GM118984); the Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program (24RT-0025 and 27IR-0030); and the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) (U01HG009080) to EGB. The PACMAN study was funded by a strategic alliance between GlaxoSmithKline and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences. The Slovenia study was financially supported by the Slovenian Research Agency (research core funding No. P3-0067) and from SysPharmPediA grant, co-financed by the Ministry of Education, Science and Sport Slovenia (MIZS) (contract number C3330-16-500106). The SHARE Bioresource (GoSHARE) and SHARE have ongoing funding from NHS Research Scotland and were established by funding from The Wellcome Trust Biomedical Resource [Grant No. 099177/Z/12/Z]. Genotyping of samples from BREATHE, PAGES, and GoSHARE was funded by AC15/00015 and conducted at the Genotyping National Centre (CeGEN) CeGen-PRB3-ISCIII; supported by ISCIII and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) (PT17/0019). ALSPAC was supported by the UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome (102215/2/13/2) and the University of Bristol. The Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, the Swedish Research Council, and Region Stockholm (ALF project and database maintenance) funded the BAMSE study. The PASS study was funded by the NHS Chair of Pharmacogenetics via the UK Department of Health. U-BIOPRED was funded by the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) Joint Undertaking, under grant agreement no. 115010, resources for which are composed of financial contribution from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) and kind contributions from companies in the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA). Genotyping of samples from GEMAS and MEGA studies was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (SAF2017-87417R) at the Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, in the Human Genotyping lab, a member of CeGen, PRB3, and was supported by grant PT17/0019, of the PE I+D+i 2013-2016, funded by ISCIII and ERDF. The genotyping of GEMAS was also partially funded by Fundación Canaria Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (PIFIISC19/17). The Rotterdam Study was funded by Erasmus Medical Center and Erasmus University Rotterdam; Netherlands Organization for the Health Research and Development (ZonMw); the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (RIDE); the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports, the European Commission (DG XII), and the Municipality of Rotterdam. ALLIANCE Cohort was funded by grants from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF) as part of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL) funding. The Hartford-Puerto Rico study was funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (grant HL07966 to JCC). MP-Y was funded by the Ramón y Cajal Program (RYC-2015-17205) by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the European Social Fund “ESF Investing in your future”. MP-Y and JV were supported by CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain (CB/06/06/1088). EH-L was supported by a fellowship awarded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ESF Investing in your future” (PRE2018-083837). JP-G was supported by a fellowship awarded by Spanish Ministry of Universities (FPU19/02175). AE-O reports funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (MICIU) and Universidad de La Laguna (ULL). NH-P was supported by a Medium-Term Research Fellowship by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) and a Long-Term Research Fellowship by the European Respiratory Society (ERS) (LTRF202101-00861). UP and MG were supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Sport of the Republic of Slovenia, grant PERMEABLE (contract number C3330-19-252012). SCSGES results were contributed by authors FTC and YYS. FTC has received research support from the Singapore Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), National Medical Research Council (NMRC) (Singapore), Biomedical Research Council (BMRC) (Singapore), and the Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) (Singapore); Grant Numbers: N-154-000-038-001, R-154-000-191-112, R-154-000-404-112, R-154-000-553-112, R-154-000-565-112, R-154-000-630-112, R-154-000-A08-592, R-154-000-A27-597, R-154-000-A91-592, R-154-000-A95-592, R-154-000-B99-114, BMRC/01/1/21/18/077, BMRC/04/1/21/19/315, SIgN-06-006, SIgN-08-020, NMRC/1150/2008, and H17/01/a0/008. F.T.C. has received consulting fees from Sime Darby Technology Centre; First Resources Ltd; Genting Plantation, and Olam International, outside the submitted work. YYS has received research support from the NUS Resilience & Growth Postdoctoral Fellowships with grant number: R-141-000-036-281. QY conducted the analysis from Hartford-Puerto Rico and United Kingdom Biobank studies. QY was funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (HL138098)

Exploring the parameter space of MagLIF implosions using similarity scaling. II. Current scaling

Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF) is a magneto-inertial-fusion (MIF) concept, which is presently being studied on the Z Pulsed Power Facility. The MagLIF platform has achieved interesting plasma conditions at stagnation and produced significant fusion yields in the laboratory. Given the relative success of MagLIF, there is a strong interest to scale the platform to higher peak currents. However, scaling MagLIF is not entirely straightforward due to the large dimensionality of the experimental input parameter space and the large number of distinct physical processes involved in MIF implosions. In this work, we propose a novel method to scale MagLIF loads to higher currents. Our method is based on similarity (or similitude) scaling and attempts to preserve much of the physics regimes already known or being studied on today's Z pulsed-power driver. By avoiding significant deviations into unexplored and/or less well-understood regimes, the risk of unexpected outcomes on future scaled-up experiments is reduced. Using arguments based on similarity scaling, we derive the scaling rules for the experimental input parameters characterizing a MagLIF load (as functions of the characteristic current driving the implosion). We then test the estimated scaling laws for various metrics measuring performance against results of 2D radiation--magneto-hydrodynamic HYDRA simulations. Agreement is found between the scaling theory and the simulation results.Comment: 19 pages, submitted to Physics of Plasma

Supersonic radiatively cooled rotating flows and jets in the laboratory

The first laboratory astrophysics experiments to produce a radiatively cooled plasma jet with dynamically significant angular momentum are discussed. A new configuration of wire array z-pinch, the twisted conical wire array, is used to produce convergent plasma flows each rotating about the central axis. Collision of the flows produces a standing shock and jet that each have supersonic azimuthal velocities. By varying the twist angle of the array, the rotation velocity of the system can be controlled, with jet rotation velocities reaching ~20% of the propagation velocity.Comment: Accepted for publication in Physical Review Letters (16 pages, 5 figures