An investigation of cross-situational consistency in the behavior of compulsive and histrionic personality disorders : an analogue study

Despite the relative lack of empirical data about personality disorders, the most commonly accepted definitions of them (e.g., DSM-III-R; Millon, 1981) incorporate assumptions of the relative temporal stability and cross-situational consistency of behavior. The present study examined the degree of behavioral consistency across specific types of experimental situations in persons classified as histrionic or compulsive personality disorder analogues. Different predictions regarding the degree to which subjects in this study would show behavioral consistency were made from the personologist, situationist, and interactionist models of human behavior

Self-Reported Dietary Intake of Youth with Recent Onset of Type 2 Diabetes: Results from the TODAY Study

Despite the widely recognized importance of diet in managing diabetes, few studies have documented usual dietary intake in youth with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The objectives of this study were to assess dietary intake among a large, ethnically diverse cohort of youth with T2D and compare intake to current recommendations. Treatment Options for type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) is a multi-center randomized clinical trial of 699 youth aged 10-17. At baseline, following a run-in period that included standard diabetes education, diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire between 2004 and 2009. Analysis of variance and non-parametric tests were used to compare mean and median nutrient intakes; logistic regression was used to compare the odds of meeting pre-defined dietary intake recommendation cut points between subgroups of age, sex and race-ethnicity. Percent of energy from saturated fat was consistently 13-14% across all subgroups – substantially exceeding national recommendations. Overall, only 12% of youth met Healthy People (HP) 2010 guidelines of < 10% saturated fat and only 1% of youth met American Diabetes Association recommendations of <7% saturated fat. Dietary intake fell substantially below other HP 2010 targets; only 3% met calcium intake goals, 11% met fruit consumption goals, 5% met vegetable consumption goals, and 67% met grain intake goals. Overall, dietary intake in this large cohort of youth with T2D fell substantially short of recommendations, in ways that were consistent by sex, age, and race-ethnicity. The data suggest a critical need for better approaches to improve dietary intake of these youth

Longitudinal Correlates of Health Risk Behaviors in Children and Adolescents with Type 2 Diabetes.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize, over a two-year period, the proportion of youth with type 2 diabetes (T2D) enrolled in the Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) study that reported ever at least trying smoking cigarettes and/or drinking alcohol. STUDY DESIGN: Longitudinal data were examined for participants with T2D ages 10 to 18 years old at baseline. Youth psychosocial, parent/family, environmental, and biological correlates of trying health risk behaviors were tested via cross-sectional multivariate models at each time point. Longitudinal models were explored for selected factors. RESULTS: Data were obtained from the TODAY study’s ethnically diverse participants at baseline (N=644), 6-month (N=616), and 24-month (N=543) assessments. Percent of youth ever trying only smoking remained stable at 4%, only drinking alcohol increased from 17% to 26%, and both smoking and drinking increased from 10% to 18% over the two-year period. Factors related to trying health risk behaviors were older age, male sex, non-Hispanic White race-ethnicity, lower grades, more depressive symptoms and stressful life events. Depressive symptoms, stressful life events, and BMI Z-score (the latter with smoking only) were related to engagement in health risk behaviors over time. CONCLUSIONS: Youth with T2D who are already at risk for health complications and who reported engaging in activities that further increase the likelihood of life-threatening morbidities were characterized. Although most correlates of trying these risk behaviors are non-modifiable, intervention efforts may need to focus on potentially modifiable factors, such as depressive symptoms and lower grades

Self-reported dietary intake of youth with recent onset of type 2 diabetes: Results from the today study

Despite the widely recognized importance of diet in managing diabetes, few studies have documented usual dietary intake in youth with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The objectives of this study were to assess dietary intake among a large, ethnically diverse cohort of youth with T2D and compare intake to current recommendations. Treatment Options for type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) is a multi-center randomized clinical trial of 699 youth aged 10-17. At baseline, following a run-in period that included standard diabetes education, diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire between 2004 and 2009. Analysis of variance and non-parametric tests were used to compare mean and median nutrient intakes; logistic regression was used to compare the odds of meeting pre-defined dietary intake recommendation cut points between subgroups of age, sex and race-ethnicity. Percent of energy from saturated fat was consistently 13-14% across all subgroups – substantially exceeding national recommendations. Overall, only 12% of youth met Healthy People (HP) 2010 guidelines of < 10% saturated fat and only 1% of youth met American Diabetes Association recommendations of <7% saturated fat. Dietary intake fell substantially below other HP 2010 targets; only 3% met calcium intake goals, 11% met fruit consumption goals, 5% met vegetable consumption goals, and 67% met grain intake goals. Overall, dietary intake in this large cohort of youth with T2D fell substantially short of recommendations, in ways that were consistent by sex, age, and race-ethnicity. The data suggest a critical need for better approaches to improve dietary intake of these youth