An integrative review exploring decision-making factors influencing mental health nurses in the use of restraint

Introduction: While mechanical and manual restraint as an institutional method of control within mental health settings may be perceived to seem necessary at times, there is emergent literature highlighting the potential counter-therapeutic impact of this practice for patients as well as staff. Nurses are the professional group who are most likely to use mechanical and manual restraint methods within mental health settings. In-depth insights to understand what factors influence nurses’ decision-making related to restraint use are therefore warranted. Aim: To explore what influences mental health nurses’ decision-making in the use of restraint. Method: An integrative review using Cooper’s framework was undertaken. Results: Eight emerging themes were identified: ‘safety for all’, ‘restraint as a necessary intervention’, ‘restraint as a last resort’, ‘role conflict’, ‘maintaining control’, ‘staff composition’, ‘knowledge and perception of patient behaviours’, and ‘psychological impact’. These themes highlight how mental health nurses’ decision-making is influenced by ethical and safety responsibilities, as well as, interpersonal and staff-related factors. Conclusion: Research to further understand the experience and actualization of ‘last resort’ in the use of restraint and to provide strategies to prevent restraint use in mental health settings are needed

The use of coercive measures in forensic psychiatric care: legal, ethical and practical challenges

The use of coercive measures, namely restraint, seclusion and involuntary medication, remain controversial methods of practice within forensic psychiatry. Ethical and moral debates surrounding the use of coercive measures are compounded by the need to balance care, safety, and security. Despite such tensions, limited research has been conducted in this area. This paper examines the prevalence of coercive measures and factors associated with their use specifically within forensic psychiatry. A systematic review was conducted and fifteen empirical studies were identified, each examining the use of coercive measures in forensic inpatient psychiatry, reported in papers published between January 1980 and January 2012. Findings suggest that patients who are younger or newly admitted tend to be secluded most often. Findings relating to gender, ethnicity and patient diagnoses, however, are equivocal. Patients tend to perceive experiences of coercive measures negatively. Staff perceptions however, appear to be determined by their role in governing or practicing coercive interventions. Findings are discussed in light of variations in hospital settings, policies and sociocultural traditions. While the uses of coercive measures appear to be influenced by a combination of all patient, staff, and environmental factors, further research is required to explore each of these aspects in greater detail